ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
Out of Africa: modern human origins special feature: the origin of Neandertals.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers.
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91 citing papers in PubMed, 423 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ancient DNA and Human Physiology.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- A Genetic Risk Variant Associated With the Risk of Primary Biliary Cholangitis Is Inherited From Neanderthals.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Article
- Evolutionary drivers of encephalization and facial reduction in the genus Homo.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Semicircular canals shed light on bottleneck events in the evolution of the Neanderthal clade.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Human dispersal into East Eurasia: ancient genome insights and the need for research on physiological adaptations.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2025Review
- The Middle Pleistocene human metatarsal from Sedia del Diavolo (Rome, Italy).Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Virtual excavation and analysis of the early Neanderthal cranium from Altamura (Italy).Communications biology · 2023Article
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- An economic model and evidence of the evolution of human intelligence in the Middle Pleistocene: Climate change and assortative mating.PloS one · 2023Article
- Bearing Fruit: Miocene Apes and Rosaceous Fruit Evolution.Biological theory · 2023Article
- Evolution of Homo in the Middle and Late Pleistocene.Journal of human evolution · 2022Review
- Thresholds for the presence of glacial megafauna in central Europe during the last 60,000 years.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- New dating of the Matalascañas footprints provides new evidence of the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 9-8) hominin paleoecology in southern Europe.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Merging morphological and genetic evidence to assess hybridization in Western Eurasian late Pleistocene hominins.Nature ecology & evolution · 2022Article
- The contribution of Neanderthal introgression to modern human traits.Current biology : CB · 2022Review
- Resolving the "muddle in the middle": The case for Homo bodoensis sp. nov.Evolutionary anthropology · 2022Article
- Evolution of genetic networks for human creativity.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Review
- Boning up on Neanderthal art.Nature ecology & evolution · 2021Article
- Middle Pleistocene fire use: The first signal of widespread cultural diffusion in human evolution.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Western Eurasia yielded a rich Middle (MP) and Late Pleistocene (LP) fossil record documenting the evolution of the Neandertals that can be analyzed in light of recently acquired paleogenetical data, an abundance of archeological evidence, and a well-known environmental context. Their origin likely relates to an episode of recolonization of Western Eurasia by hominins of African origin carrying the Acheulean technology into Europe around 600 ka. An enhancement of both glacial and interglacial phases may have played a crucial role in this event, as well as in the subsequent evolutionary history of the Western Eurasian populations. In addition to climatic adaptations and an increase in encephalization, genetic drift seems to have played a major role in their evolution. To date, a clear speciation event is not documented, and the most likely scenario for the fixation of Neandertal characteristics seems to be an accretion of features along the second half of the MP. Although a separation time for the African and Eurasian populations is difficult to determine, it certainly predates OIS 11 as phenotypic Neandertal features are documented as far back as and possibly before this time. It is proposed to use the term "Homo rhodesiensis" to designate the large-brained hominins ancestral to H. sapiens in Africa and at the root of the Neandertals in Europe, and to use the term "Homo neanderthalensis" to designate all of the specimens carrying derived metrical or non-metrical features used in the definition of the LP Neandertals.
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