ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
The transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 control alternative pathways of T-cell differentiation through a shared set of target genes.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 150 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
150 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 245 citations in OpenAlex.
- T-bet: biological functions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic applications: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of transcriptomic variation in T-cell populations reveals both variable and consistent signatures of gene expression and splicing.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Influence of polyfunctional TbetFrontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- Activation of Th1 Immunity within the Tumor Microenvironment Is Associated with Clinical Response to Lenalidomide in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2018Trial
- Temporal Dynamics of CD8+ T Cell Effector Responses during Primary HIV Infection.PLoS pathogens · 2016Trial
- T-bet and Eomes are differentially linked to the exhausted phenotype of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection.PLoS pathogens · 2014Trial
- IL-1α Expands SLC2A1highSPP1highIFNlow Myeloid Cells to Drive Immune Escape and Malignant Transformation of Precancers.Cancer research · 2026Article
- Exploring the functions of NKG7 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during malaria.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Natural Killer Cell Granule Protein (NKG7) promotes the development of vaccine-induced anti-fungal Th1 cells.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Cutaneous Immunological Milieu Before and After Treatment With Meglumine Antimoniate in Dogs Naturally Affected by Leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum.Veterinary dermatology · 2026Article
- Natural Killer Cell Granule Protein (NKG7) promotes the development of vaccine-induced anti-fungal Th1 cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- An interpretable Graph-Regularized Optimal Transport Framework for Diagonal Single-Cell Integrative Analysis.GigaScience · 2026Article
- Sea cucumber protein hydrolysate restores the Th1/Th2 paradigm in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Characterization and anti-tuberculosis effects of γδ T cells expanded and activated byVirulence · 2025Review
- A Dual Role for NKG7 in T-cell Cytotoxicity and Longevity.Cancer immunology research · 2025Review
- Regulatory T cell and endothelial cell crosstalk.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- A novel in vivo adjuvant activity of hydrocarbon isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
- Natural killer cell granule protein 7 contributes to CD8Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2025Article
- T-betNature communications · 2025Article
90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Upon detection of antigen, CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells can differentiate into a number of effector types that tailor the immune response to different pathogens. Alternative Th1 and Th2 cell fates are specified by the transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3, respectively. Only a handful of target genes are known for these two factors and because of this, the mechanism through which T-bet and GATA-3 induce differentiation toward alternative cell fates is not fully understood. Here, we provide a genomic map of T-bet and GATA-3 binding in primary human T cells and identify their target genes, most of which are previously unknown. In Th1 cells, T-bet associates with genes of diverse function, including those with roles in transcriptional regulation, chemotaxis and adhesion. GATA-3 occupies genes in both Th1 and Th2 cells and, unexpectedly, shares a large proportion of targets with T-bet. Re-complementation of T-bet alters the expression of these genes in a manner that mirrors their differential expression between Th1 and Th2 lineages. These data show that the choice between Th1 and Th2 lineage commitment is the result of the opposing action of T-bet and GATA-3 at a shared set of target genes and may provide a general paradigm for the interaction of lineage-specifying transcription factors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.