ArticleBMC biology2009
Recombination and insertion events involving the botulinum neurotoxin complex genes in Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E and F and Clostridium butyricum type E strains.
Article in BMC biology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers.
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Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed.
- The unsung hero:Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Promise and Biotechnological Prospects ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A nut-and-bolt assembly of the bimodular large progenitor botulinum neurotoxin complex.Science advances · 2025Article
- Structure of the complete 14-subunit botulinum neurotoxin B complex reveals a unique anchoring through the narrow central pore of HA70.Science advances · 2025Article
- Detection of a streptogramin A O-acetyltransferase gene (Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Botulinum neurotoxins exploit host digestive proteases to boost their oral toxicity via activating OrfXs/P47.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Nonthermal Technologies to Reduce or Replace Nitrite in Meat Products.Food technology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Botulinum Toxin: A Comprehensive Review of Its Molecular Architecture and Mechanistic Action.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Expression of Recombinant Clostridial Neurotoxin byMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Opportunistic Features of Non-Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- NTNH protein: more than a bodyguard for botulinum neurotoxins.The FEBS journal · 2024Article
- Complete genomes ofMicrobial genomics · 2024Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2023Review
- Review
- Crystal structures of OrfX1, OrfX2 and the OrfX1-OrfX3 complex from the orfX gene cluster of botulinum neurotoxin E1.FEBS letters · 2023Article
- Toxin-linked mobile genetic elements in major enteric bacterial pathogens.Gut microbiome (Cambridge, England) · 2023Review
- Potential Risk of Botulinum Neurotoxin -producing Clostridia Occurrence in Canned Fish.Journal of veterinary research · 2022Article
- How Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain A1 Maintains Stable Association with the Intracellular Neuronal Plasma Membrane.Toxins · 2022Article
- Draft Genome Sequence of Clostridium botulinum SubtypeMicrobiology resource announcements · 2022Article
- Probiotic Potential ofCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2022Review
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundClostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for at least four diverse species that are defined by the expression of one (monovalent) or two (bivalent) of seven different C. botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs, A-G). The four species have been classified as C. botulinum Groups I-IV. The presence of bont genes in strains representing the different Groups is probably the result of horizontal transfer of the toxin operons between the species.
resultsChromosome and plasmid sequences of several C. botulinum strains representing A, B, E and F serotypes and a C. butyricum type E strain were compared to examine their genomic organization, or synteny, and the location of the botulinum toxin complex genes. These comparisons identified synteny among proteolytic (Group I) strains or nonproteolytic (Group II) strains but not between the two Groups. The bont complex genes within the strains examined were not randomly located but found within three regions of the chromosome or in two specific sites within plasmids. A comparison of sequences from a Bf strain revealed homology to the plasmid pCLJ with similar locations for the bont/bv b genes but with the bont/a4 gene replaced by the bont/f gene. An analysis of the toxin cluster genes showed that many recombination events have occurred, including several events within the ntnh gene. One such recombination event resulted in the integration of the bont/a1 gene into the serotype toxin B ha cluster, resulting in a successful lineage commonly associated with food borne botulism outbreaks. In C. botulinum type E and C. butyricum type E strains the location of the bont/e gene cluster appears to be the result of insertion events that split a rarA, recombination-associated gene, independently at the same location in both species.
conclusionThe analysis of the genomic sequences representing different strains reveals the presence of insertion sequence (IS) elements and other transposon-associated proteins such as recombinases that could facilitate the horizontal transfer of the bonts; these events, in addition to recombination among the toxin complex genes, have led to the lineages observed today within the neurotoxin-producing clostridia.
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