ArticleCancer science2009
Carcinogenic potential of alizarin and rubiadin, components of madder color, in a rat medium-term multi-organ bioassay.
Article in Cancer science, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alizarin Dye: Toxicity, Genotoxicity, and Histopathological Alterations in Model Organisms.Environmental and molecular mutagenesis · 2026Article
- Genotoxicity testing of the anthraquinone dye Alizarin Red S.Current research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Site-specific genotoxicity of rubiadin: localization and histopathological changes in the kidneys of rats.Archives of toxicology · 2023Article
- Alizarin, an Agonist of AHR Receptor, Enhances CYP1A1 Enzyme Activity and Induces Transcriptional Changes in Hepatoma Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Genotoxicity Comparison betweenFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Nonclinical safety evaluation of food colorant lac dyeFrontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- A comprehensive review ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Rubiadin: A Promising Natural Anthraquinone for New Drug Discovery and Development.Drug design, development and therapy · 2021Review
- Examining Safety of Biocolourants from Fungal and Plant Sources-Examples fromAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Morinda citrifolia Linn. (Noni) and Its Potential in Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction.Nutrients · 2017Review
- A Review of the Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2016Review
- Targeted tumor therapy by Rubia tinctorum L.: analytical characterization of hydroxyanthraquinones and investigation of their selective cytotoxic, adhesion and migration modulator effects on melanoma cell lines (A2058 and HT168-M1).Cancer cell international · 2015Article
- Anthraquinone Content in Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.).Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Madder color (MC), a food coloring extracted from roots of Rubia tinctorum L., has been proven to exert carcinogenicity in the rat kidney and liver. Furthermore, it induces DNA adducts in the kidney, liver, and colon. MC is in fact composed of anthraquinones such as lucidin-3-O-primeveroside and alizarin. To clarify which of these might be responsible for the carcinogenicity, a rat medium-term multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay was performed focusing on the kidney, liver, and colon. Male 6-week-old F344 rats after receiving five different carcinogens were fed a diet containing either 0.008% or 0.04% of alizarin or rubiadin, a metabolite of lucidin-3-O-primeveroside, for 23 weeks. Treatment with 0.04% rubiadin significantly increased atypical renal tubules/hyperplasias and induced renal cell adenomas and carcinomas. Renal cell tumors were also increased with 0.04% alizarin, although at lower incidence than with rubiadin. In addition, glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive liver cell foci and large intestinal dysplasias were significantly increased with 0.04% rubiadin. These results indicate that both rubiadin and alizarin can increase renal preneoplastic lesions, the potential of the latter being weaker. Rubiadin may also target the liver and large intestine, suggesting a major role in madder color-induced carcinogenicity.
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