Site-specific population dynamics and variable olfactory marker protein expression in the postnatal canine olfactory epithelium.

The main olfactory epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar epithelium that displays neurogenesis over the course of a lifetime. New olfactory neurons arise basally and are transferred to the middle third of the epithelium during maturation. It is generally believed that this pattern is present throughout the olfactory area. In the present study, we show that the postnatal canine olfactory epithelium is composed of two distinct types of epithelium, designated A and B, which not only differ in olfactory neuron morphology, marker expression and basal cell proliferation but also display a patchy distribution and preferential localization within the nasal cavity. Type A epithelium, abundant in the caudal part of the olfactory area, contains well-differentiated olfactory neurons positive for olfactory marker protein but low numbers of immature neurons and proliferating basal cells, as visualized by TrkB/Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) glyco-epitope and Ki-67 immunostaining, respectively. In contrast, type B epithelium is mainly found in the rostral part and contains smaller and elongated neurons that display increased levels of TrkB/Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) glyco-epitope immunoreactivity and a higher number of Ki-67-positive basal cells but lower and variable levels of olfactory marker protein. The vomeronasal organ displays a uniform distribution of molecular markers and proliferating basal cells. The observation that olfactory marker protein in type A and B epithelium is preferentially localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, implies correlation between subcellular localization and olfactory neuron maturation and may indicate distinct functional roles of olfactory marker protein. Whether the site-specific population dynamics in the postnatal canine olfactory epithelium revealed in the present study are modulated by physiological parameters, such as airflow, has to be clarified in future studies.