ArticleAnnals of emergency medicine2010
Emergency medical services intervals and survival in trauma: assessment of the "golden hour" in a North American prospective cohort.
Article in Annals of emergency medicine, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02440373 (Plasma Cytochrome c as Biomarker of Traumatic Injury and Predictor of Outcome), which is not on this map. Cited by 113 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Plasma Cytochrome c as Biomarker of Traumatic Injury and Predictor of Outcome
Who cites it
113 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Prehospital Care Post-Road-Crash: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Prehospital and disaster medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Helicopter emergency medical services for adults with major trauma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015Pooled it
- Revisiting the "Golden Hour": An Evaluation of Out-of-Hospital Time in Shock and Traumatic Brain Injury.Annals of emergency medicine · 2015Trial
- Prehospital transport prioritization and time-varying selection bias in traffic-related multi-patient incidents: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Article
- Prehospital lactate, transfer time, and early mortality across emergency diagnostic categories.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Observational
- Real-time prediction of trauma-induced coagulopathy using an inverted transformer (trauma-former): a methodological feasibility and simulation study based on the ADEMP framework.BMC medical research methodology · 2026Article
- Association between total prehospital time and early mortality in patients with severe torso trauma: a retrospective study at an urban Emergency and Critical Care Center.International journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Fast, accurate, and cost-effective: E-FAST's breakthrough in optimizing thoracic trauma management.Turkish journal of surgery · 2026Article
- The Impact of Indirect Transport to a Trauma Centre on Survival for Major Trauma Patients: A National Propensity-Adjusted Observational Study.International journal of population data science · 2026Observational
- Status of post-crash response systems and policy indicators in the WHO African region: a cross-sectional descriptive study.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Prehospital time intervals for trauma patients according to population density levels in Sweden; a national retrospective cohort study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Disparities in Access to Trauma Care in Canada: A Geospatial Analysis of Census Data.Annals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches · 2025Article
- Higher hospital level does not improve 30-day survival after road traffic accidents.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A nomogram based on trauma-induced coagulopathy for predicting hospital mortality in multi-trauma patients: a retrospective study.Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Comparison of dispatching after motor vehicle accidents - effects of the TPS-eCall system on dispatching time.BMC emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Influence of on-scene time and prehospital interventions on inhospital mortality in trauma patients.BMC emergency medicine · 2025Article
- How many minutes matter: Association between time saved with air medical transport and survival in trauma patients.The journal of trauma and acute care surgery · 2025Article
- Mortality rates in physician staffed ground vs. air ambulance for severe trauma patients: retrospective analysis of the Japanese nationwide trauma registry.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immediate versus expedient emergent laparotomy in unstable isolated abdominal trauma patients.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England · 2025Article
- Article
53 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
STUDY
objectiveThe first hour after the onset of out-of-hospital traumatic injury is referred to as the "golden hour," yet the relationship between time and outcome remains unclear. We evaluate the association between emergency medical services (EMS) intervals and mortality among trauma patients with field-based physiologic abnormality.
methodsThis was a secondary analysis of an out-of-hospital, prospective cohort registry of adult (aged > or =15 years) trauma patients transported by 146 EMS agencies to 51 Level I and II trauma hospitals in 10 sites across North America from December 1, 2005, through March 31, 2007. Inclusion criteria were systolic blood pressure less than or equal to 90 mm Hg, respiratory rate less than 10 or greater than 29 breaths/min, Glasgow Coma Scale score less than or equal to 12, or advanced airway intervention. The outcome was in-hospital mortality. We evaluated EMS intervals (activation, response, on-scene, transport, and total time) with logistic regression and 2-step instrumental variable models, adjusted for field-based confounders.
resultsThere were 3,656 trauma patients available for analysis, of whom 806 (22.0%) died. In multivariable analyses, there was no significant association between time and mortality for any EMS interval: activation (odds ratio [OR] 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95 to 1.05), response (OR 1.00; 95% CI 9.97 to 1.04), on-scene (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.01), transport (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.01), or total EMS time (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.01). Subgroup and instrumental variable analyses did not qualitatively change these findings.
conclusionIn this North American sample, there was no association between EMS intervals and mortality among injured patients with physiologic abnormality in the field.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.