ReviewNature reviews. Nephrology2009
The nephrotoxic effects of HAART.
Review in Nature reviews. Nephrology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 140 citations in OpenAlex.
- Kidney tubular injury induced by valproic acid: systematic literature review.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2023Pooled it
- Associations between vitamin D metabolites, antiretroviral therapy and bone mineral density in people with HIV.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2016Trial
- Impact of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen on renal function in HIV-infected individuals: a prospective, multicenter study.BMC infectious diseases · 2013Trial
- Hope for kidney transplantation in candidates with human immunodeficiency virus.World journal of transplantation · 2026Review
- Inflammation among kidney transplant donors with and without HIV: Multicenter HOPE in Action Consortium.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Critical Care Pharmacology of Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults.European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics · 2025Review
- Pathogenesis of HIV-associated nephropathy in children and adolescents: taking a hard look 40 years later in the era of gene-environment interactions.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2024Review
- Chronic kidney disease and its associated factors in HIV-infected individuals: a comparison of antiretroviral therapy naïve and experienced patients.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Methanol Crude Peel Extract ofJournal of experimental pharmacology · 2024Article
- Peripartum management of HIV-positive patients.BJA education · 2023Review
- COVID-19 and HIV: Clinical Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Bibliometric and visual analysis of nephrotoxicity research worldwide.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Severe Lactic Acidosis Due to Acute Intoxication by Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide.Cureus · 2021Article
- Microscopic and biochemical changes on liver and kidney of Wistar rats on combination antiretroviral therapy: the impact of naringenin and quercetin.Toxicology research · 2020Article
- Carbon monoxide: An emerging therapy for acute kidney injury.Medicinal research reviews · 2020Review
- Mechanisms of antimicrobial-induced nephrotoxicity in children.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2020Review
- Article
- HIV, drugs and the kidney.Drugs in context · 2020Review
- Renal stone composed of ritonavir.BMJ case reports · 2019Article
- Living kidney donation in individuals with hepatitis C and HIV infection: rationale and emerging evidence.Current transplantation reports · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
With significant reductions in mortality and risk of progression to AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), complications of long-standing HIV infection and treatment have become increasingly important. Such complications include the nephrotoxic effects of HAART, which are the subject of this Review. The most common nephrotoxic effects associated with HAART include crystal-induced obstruction secondary to use of protease inhibitors (mainly indinavir and atazanavir), and proximal tubule damage related to the nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir. Acute kidney injury (AKI) can occur following tenofovir-induced tubule dysfunction or as a result of severe mitochondrial dysfunction and lactic acidosis induced by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The potential insidious long-term renal toxicity of antiretroviral treatment is probably underappreciated in patients with HIV: a proportion of patients with treatment-related AKI did not recover their baseline renal function at 2-year follow-up, suggesting the possibility of permanent renal damage. Finally, nonspecific metabolic complications might increase the risk of vascular chronic kidney disease in patients on HAART. However, given the benefits of HAART, fear of nephrotoxic effects is never a valid reason to withhold antiretroviral therapy. Identification of patients with pre-existing chronic kidney disease, who are at increased risk of renal damage, enables appropriate dose modification, close monitoring, and avoidance or cautious use of potentially nephrotoxic medications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.