ArticleExperimental hematology2009
Mesenchymal stem cell-educated macrophages: a novel type of alternatively activated macrophages.
Article in Experimental hematology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 396 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
396 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 769 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Paracrine Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Crosstalk With Macrophages in Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2020Pooled it
- Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Treatment in Patients with Osteoarthritis Results in Overall Improvement in Pain and Symptoms and Reduces Synovial Inflammation.Stem cells translational medicine · 2019Trial
- Cord-Derived Stem Cells for Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder: Biological Rationale and Source-Specific Trial Design.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Advances in pharmacotherapy for fibrotic interstitial lung disease.Medical review (2021) · 2026Review
- Mesenchymal stromal cells and neuroinflammation: a multimodal approach to neuroprotection and future therapeutic horizons.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles derived from induced pluripotent stem cells mediate anti-inflammatory effects in primary human macrophages.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Differentiation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells into CD45iScience · 2026Article
- Hematopoietic (stem) cells-The elixir of life?FEBS letters · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stromal cells primed with synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonists treat hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome.Stem cells translational medicine · 2026Article
- Co-delivery of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages with an electrospun patch suppresses endometrial fibrosis via IL-10 related signaling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) and Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS) Hydrogel Composite Can Meliorate TNBS-Induced Experimental Colitis Through Regulating Inhibiting Macrophage Polarization Toward the M1 Phenotype.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- TGFB2-mediated regeneration of pelvic ligament equivalents using a stem cell-fibroblast-decellularized membrane composite.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Corneal Nerve Regeneration via MSC-Derived EVs: Tissue Source and Culture Dimensionality Dictate miRNA Cargo and Therapeutic Efficacy.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- New mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-based strategies for osteoarthritis treatment: targeting macrophage-mediated inflammation to restore joint homeostasis.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Adipose derived stem cell activation by macrophages and tendon fibroblasts.Regenerative medicine · 2025Article
- Application of novel strategies in chronic wound management with focusing on pressure ulcers: new perspective.Archives of dermatological research · 2025Review
- Article
- Investigating the In Vivo Biodistribution of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Various Human Cell Sources Using Positron Emission Tomography.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Modulating the mesenchymal stromal cell microenvironment alters exosome RNA content and ligament healing capacity.Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) · 2024Article
- Bone: A Neglected Endocrine Organ?Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
336 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of modulating the immune system through interaction with a wide range of immune cells. This study investigates the hypothesis that interaction of MSCs with macrophages could play a significant role in their antiinflammatory/immune modulatory effects. MATERIALS AND
methodsMSCs were derived from bone marrow and monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. We cultured human monocytes for 7 days without any added cytokines to generate macrophages, and then cocultured them for 3 more days with culture-expanded MSCs. We used cell surface antigen expression and intracellular cytokine expression patterns to study the immunophenotype of macrophages at the end of this coculture period, and phagocytic assays to investigate their functional activity in vitro.
resultsMacrophages cocultured with MSCs consistently showed high-level expression of CD206, a marker of alternatively activated macrophages. Furthermore, these macrophages expressed high levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and low levels of IL-12, as determined by intracellular staining, typical of alternatively activated macrophages. However, macrophages cocultured with MSCs also expressed high levels of IL-6 and low levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) compared to controls. Functionally, macrophages cocultured with MSCs showed a higher level of phagocytic activity.
conclusionsWe describe a novel type of human macrophage generated in vitro after coculture with MSCs that assumes an immunophenotype defined as IL-10-high, IL-12-low, IL-6-high, and TNF-alpha-low secreting cells. These MSC-educated macrophages may be a unique and novel type of alternatively activated macrophage with a potentially significant role in tissue repair.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.