ArticleBiology of reproduction2010
Phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK2) is essential for sperm function and male fertility in mice.
Article in Biology of reproduction, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 250 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Biological and clinical factors predicting sperm retrieval success in men with non-obstructive azoospermia.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Review
- PINK1‑mediated mitophagy enhances breast cancer proliferation through metabolic reprogramming.Oncology reports · 2026Article
- Cryotolerance of brown bear (Ursus arctos) sperm depends on sperm origin: insights into sperm quality and proteomic profiles.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sperm mitochondrial sheath formation - how and why?Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Stable isotope labelling mass spectrometry analysis of isolated mouse sperm.Biology of reproduction · 2026Article
- The moonlighting functions of glycolytic enzymes in tumorigenesis.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Glycolysis enzymes and cellular lactylation in tumour.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Review
- Metabolic pathways fueling human spermatozoa capacitation and hyperactivation: a roadmap for spermatozoa bioenergetics.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Unique Sertoli cell adaptations support enhanced spermatogenesis in chickens.Journal of animal science and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Dysregulated Expression of Canonical and Non-Canonical Glycolytic Enzyme Isoforms in Peripheral Blood from Subjects with Alcohol Use Disorder and from Individuals with Acute Alcohol Consumption.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- A Descriptive Study of Brown Bear (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Human asthenozoospermia: Update on genetic causes, patient management, and clinical strategies.Andrology · 2025Review
- Article
- Differentiation between nonobstructive azoospermia and obstructive azoospermia: then and now.Asian journal of andrology · 2025Review
- Seminal plasma PGK2 serves as a predictive biomarker for post-varicocelectomy sperm motility improvement in varicocele subjects.Translational andrology and urology · 2025Article
- Article
- The Ultrastructure and Composition of Bovine Spermatozoa.Advances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology · 2025Review
- Stress increases sperm respiration and motility in mice and men.Nature communications · 2024Article
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Phosphoglycerate kinase 2 (PGK2), an isozyme that catalyzes the first ATP-generating step in the glycolytic pathway, is encoded by an autosomal retrogene that is expressed only during spermatogenesis. It replaces the ubiquitously expressed phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) isozyme following repression of Pgk1 transcription by meiotic sex chromosome inactivation during meiotic prophase and by postmeiotic sex chromatin during spermiogenesis. The targeted disruption of Pgk2 by homologous recombination eliminates PGK activity in sperm and severely impairs male fertility, but does not block spermatogenesis. Mating behavior, reproductive organ weights (testis, excurrent ducts, and seminal vesicles), testis histology, sperm counts, and sperm ultrastructure were indistinguishable between Pgk2(-/-) and wild-type mice. However, sperm motility and ATP levels were markedly reduced in males lacking PGK2. These defects in sperm function were slightly less severe than observed in males lacking glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic (GAPDHS), the isozyme that catalyzes the step preceding PGK2 in the sperm glycolytic pathway. Unlike Gapdhs(-/-) males, the Pgk2(-/-) males also sired occasional pups. Alternative pathways that bypass the PGK step of glycolysis exist. We determined that one of these bypass enzymes, acylphosphatase, is active in mouse sperm, perhaps contributing to phenotypic differences between mice lacking GAPDHS or PGK2. This study determined that PGK2 is not required for the completion of spermatogenesis, but is essential for sperm motility and male fertility. In addition to confirming the importance of the glycolytic pathway for sperm function, distinctive phenotypic characteristics of Pgk2(-/-) mice may provide further insights into the regulation of sperm metabolism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.