Evidence map›Paper›PMID 19751922›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2009

Alzheimer's disease drug development and the problem of the blood-brain barrier.

William M Pardridge

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
63citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
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  4. Review
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  12. The parasagittal dural space of the human brain.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025
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  15. Characterization of microbubble cavitation in theranostic ultrasound-mediated blood-brain barrier opening for gene delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025
    Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article

3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

1 author.

William M PardridgeDepartment of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. wpardridge@mednet.ucla.edu

Funding

Monoclonal Antibody Drug Development for Alzheimer?s DiseaseR01AG032244 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI PARDRIDGE, WILLIAM M · 2008 to 2012
$1.6M
NIA NIH HHS R01 AG032244
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug development is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). More than 98% of all small-molecule drugs, and approximately 100% of all large-molecule drugs, do not cross the BBB. Although the vast majority of AD drug candidates do not cross the BBB, the present-day AD drug-development effort is characterized by an imbalance wherein >99% of the drug-development effort is devoted to central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery, and <1% of drug development is devoted to CNS drug delivery. Future AD drug development needs a concerted effort to incorporate BBB sciences early in the CNS drug discovery process. This goal can be achieved by a reallocation of resources, and an expansion of research efforts in the pure science of BBB biology and the applied science of brain drug-targeting technology.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseBlood-Brain BarrierCentral Nervous System AgentsDrug Delivery SystemsDrug DesignHumansCentral Nervous System Agents

Identifiers

PMID19751922
PMCPMC2756824

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.