ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2009
Hospital and societal costs of antimicrobial-resistant infections in a Chicago teaching hospital: implications for antibiotic stewardship.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01498705 (The Natural History of Procalcitonin in Hemorrhagic Stroke), which is not on this map. Cited by 247 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Natural History of Procalcitonin in Hemorrhagic Stroke
Who cites it
247 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Infection prevention and control measures for multidrug-resistant organisms: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Infection · 2025Pooled it
- Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin in adult non-neutropenic cancer patients with suspected infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic synthesis of expert opinion on effective policies to tackle bacterial resistance worldwide.Veterinary medicine and science · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Available evidence of antibiotic resistance from extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in paediatric patients in 20 countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2019Pooled it
- Procalcitonin as a Biomarker in Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review.American journal of rhinology & allergy · 2019Pooled it
- Effect of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment on clinical outcomes in intensive care unit patients with infection and sepsis patients: a patient-level meta-analysis of randomized trials.Critical care (London, England) · 2018Pooled it
- Selective oropharyngeal decontamination versus selective digestive decontamination in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Drug design, development and therapy · 2015Pooled it
- Procalcitonin-guided therapy in intensive care unit patients with severe sepsis and septic shock--a systematic review and meta-analysis.Critical care (London, England) · 2013Pooled it
- Bacterial resistance to leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor GSK2251052 develops during treatment of complicated urinary tract infections.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2015Trial
- One size does not fit all: evaluating an intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis.BMC health services research · 2013Trial
- Multiplex qPCR for the early detection of sepsis pathogens and its impact on antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2026Article
- Non-Cytotoxic Benzyl Triphenyl Phosphonium Bromide Is Bactericidal on MRSA and Fully Inhibits Biofilm Formation by MRSA and MRSE.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cost effectiveness of the Texas wildlife rabies Border Maintenance Zone.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Blood culture diagnostics - a comparative and experimental study on the impact of delayed incubation.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes and risk factors associated with bloodstream infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients: a prospective cohort study in Libya.Journal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Existing Evidence from Economic Evaluations of Antimicrobial Resistance-A Systematic Literature Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Impact of stereochemical replacement on activity and selectivity of membrane-active antibacterial and antifungal cyclic peptides.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Article
- Review
- Dentists' Awareness of Antibiotic Stewardship and Their Willingness to Support Its Implementation: A Cross-Sectional Survey in a Dental School.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2025Article
187 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOrganisms resistant to antimicrobials continue to emerge and spread. This study was performed to measure the medical and societal cost attributable to antimicrobial-resistant infection (ARI).
methodsA sample of high-risk hospitalized adult patients was selected. Measurements included ARI, total cost, duration of stay, comorbidities, acute pathophysiology, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, intensive care unit stay, surgery, health care-acquired infection, and mortality. Hospital services used and outcomes were abstracted from electronic and written medical records. Medical costs were measured from the hospital perspective. A sensitivity analysis including 3 study designs was conducted. Regression was used to adjust for potential confounding in the random sample and in the sample expanded with additional patients with ARI. Propensity scores were used to select matched control subjects for each patient with ARI for a comparison of mean cost for patients with and without ARI.
resultsIn a sample of 1391 patients, 188 (13.5%) had ARI. The medical costs attributable to ARI ranged from $18,588 to $29,069 per patient in the sensitivity analysis. Excess duration of hospital stay was 6.4-12.7 days, and attributable mortality was 6.5%. The societal costs were $10.7-$15.0 million. Using the lowest estimates from the sensitivity analysis resulted in a total cost of $13.35 million in 2008 dollars in this patient cohort.
conclusionsThe attributable medical and societal costs of ARI are considerable. Data from this analysis could form the basis for a more comprehensive evaluation of the cost of resistance and the potential economic benefits of prevention programs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
19739972What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.