ReviewInfection and immunity2009
Toxin-mediated effects on the innate mucosal defenses: implications for enteric vaccines.
Review in Infection and immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of a single oral dose of recombinant double mutant heat-labile toxin derived from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2013Trial
- Intestinal inflammation induced by heat-labile toxin-producing enterotoxigenic E: Coli infection and impact on immune responses in an experimental human challenge model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Building a Broader Understanding of EnterotoxigenicOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Genetic adjuvants: A paradigm shift in vaccine development and immune modulation.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Conserved antigens for enteric vaccines.Vaccine · 2025Review
- Safety and immunogenicity in humans of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli double mutant heat-labile toxin administered intradermally.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant double-mutant heat-labile toxin derived from enterotoxigenicFrontiers in bacteriology · 2025Article
- Validation of a Human Challenge Model Using an LT-Expressing EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- A Perspective on the Strategy for Advancing ETVAXMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Efficacy of an EnterotoxigenicMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Review
- Evaluation of the Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of an Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli CFA/I Adhesin-Heat-Labile Toxin Chimera.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Resistance to ETEC F4/F18-mediated piglet diarrhoea: opening the gene black box.Tropical animal health and production · 2019Review
- Review of Newly Identified Functions Associated With the Heat-Labile Toxin of EnterotoxigenicFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Review
- Antibodies derived from a toxoid MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) show neutralizing activities against heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable toxins (STa, STb), and Shiga toxin 2e (Stx2e) of porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC).Veterinary microbiology · 2017Article
- IgG trafficking in the adult pig small intestine: one- or bidirectional transfer across the enterocyte brush border?Histochemistry and cell biology · 2017Article
- The Traveling Microbiome.Current infectious disease reports · 2016Review
- The chromosomal nature of LT-II enterotoxins solved: a lambdoid prophage encodes both LT-II and one of two novel pertussis-toxin-like toxin family members in type II enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.Pathogens and disease · 2016Article
- Characterization of heat-stable (STa) toxoids of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fused to double mutant heat-labile toxin peptide in inducing neutralizing Anti-STa antibodies.Infection and immunity · 2014Article
- Swimming through the gut: implications of fluid transport on the microbiome.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent studies have confirmed older observations that the enterotoxins enhance enteric bacterial colonization and pathogenicity. How and why this happens remains unknown at this time. It appears that toxins such as the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli can help overcome the innate mucosal barrier as a key step in enteric pathogen survival. We review key observations relevant to the roles of LT and cholera toxin in protective immunity and the effects of these toxins on innate mucosal defenses. We suggest either that toxin-mediated fluid secretion mechanically disrupts the mucus layer or that toxins interfere with innate mucosal defenses by other means. Such a breach gives pathogens access to the enterocyte, leading to binding and pathogenicity by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and other organisms. Given the common exposure to LT(+) ETEC by humans visiting or residing in regions of endemicity, barrier disruption should frequently render the gut vulnerable to ETEC and other enteric infections. Conversely, toxin immunity would be expected to block this process by protecting the innate mucosal barrier. Years ago, Peltola et al. (Lancet 338:1285-1289, 1991) observed unexpectedly broad protective effects against LT(+) ETEC and mixed infections when using a toxin-based enteric vaccine. If toxins truly exert barrier-disruptive effects as a key step in pathogenesis, then a return to classic toxin-based vaccine strategies for enteric disease is warranted and can be expected to have unexpectedly broad protective effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.