ArticleBMC developmental biology2009
Muscle differentiation in a colonial ascidian: organisation, gene expression and evolutionary considerations.
Article in BMC developmental biology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Speed vs completeness: a comparative study of solitary and colonial tunicate embryogenesis.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
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- Review
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- Differentiation and Induced Sensorial Alteration of the Coronal Organ in the Asexual Life of a Tunicate.Integrative and comparative biology · 2018Article
- Transcriptome dynamics in the asexual cycle of the chordate Botryllus schlosseri.BMC genomics · 2016Article
- Ontology for the asexual development and anatomy of the colonial chordate Botryllus schlosseri.PloS one · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAscidians are tunicates, the taxon recently proposed as sister group to the vertebrates. They possess a chordate-like swimming larva, which metamorphoses into a sessile adult. Several ascidian species form colonies of clonal individuals by asexual reproduction. During their life cycle, ascidians present three muscle types: striated in larval tail, striated in the heart, and unstriated in the adult body-wall.
resultsIn the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, we investigated organisation, differentiation and gene expression of muscle beginning from early buds to adults and during zooid regression. We characterised transcripts for troponin T (BsTnT-c), adult muscle-type (BsMA2) and cytoplasmic-type (BsCA1) actins, followed by in situ hybridisation (ISH) on sections to establish the spatio-temporal expression of BsTnT-c and BsMA2 during asexual reproduction and in the larva. Moreover, we characterised actin genomic sequences, which by comparison with other metazoans revealed conserved intron patterns.
conclusionIntegration of data from ISH, phalloidin staining and TEM allowed us to follow the phases of differentiation of the three muscle kinds, which differ in expression pattern of the two transcripts. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses provided evidence for the close relationship between tunicate and vertebrate muscle genes. The characteristics and plasticity of muscles in tunicates are discussed.
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