ReviewSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2010
Incidence of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric hospitals: a literature review and survey of international trends.
Review in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- What do we know about the experience of seclusion in a forensic setting? An integrative literature review.International journal of mental health nursing · 2022Pooled it
- Physical restraint of children and adolescents in mental health inpatient services: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community · 2021Pooled it
- Aggression on the psychiatric ward: Prevalence and risk factors. A systematic review of the literature.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Effects of Seclusion and Restraint in Adult Psychiatry: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Health service use and costs associated with aggressiveness or agitation and containment in adult psychiatric care: a systematic review of the evidence.BMC psychiatry · 2015Pooled it
- Prevalence and correlates of seclusion and restraint use in children and adolescents: a systematic review.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2011Pooled it
- An Evidence-Based Educational Intervention for Reducing Coercive Measures in Psychiatric Hospitals: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of user-driven intervention to prevent aggressive events in psychiatric services.BMC psychiatry · 2017Trial
- De-Escalation in United Kingdom Inpatient Mental Health Care: A Structured Critical Narrative Synthesis of People, Capability and Context.International journal of mental health nursing · 2026Review
- Prevalence and Predictors of Mechanical Restraint in Involuntary Patients in an Open-Door Inpatient Psychiatric Unit.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Psychiatric Care Pathways and the Use of Coercion: From Pre-Hospital to Inpatient Settings.Community mental health journal · 2026Article
- Article
- Association between ward structural changes and coercive interventions in psychiatric emergency wards in Japan: a retrospective study.International journal of mental health systems · 2026Article
- Incidence of Using Physical, Mechanical Restraints and Seclusion in Saudi Mental Health Settings: A Prospective Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Involuntary psychiatric treatment in Reggio Emilia: local findings from the SIEP multicenter study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with restraints in mental health in-patient wards.BJPsych bulletin · 2025Article
- Behind closed doors: unlocking hospital variations in the use of seclusion and mechanical restraint - a nationwide multilevel analysis in adult mental healthcare in France.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Prevalence of restraint use in psychiatric inpatient care facilities in India: A systematic review.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2025Review
- Prevalence and risk factors for seclusion and restraint: results of a retrospective analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- An Exploratory Study about Factors and Outcomes Associated with the Experience of Coercive Measures in Mental Health Settings.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2025Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to identify quantitative data on the use of seclusion and restraint in different countries and on initiatives to reduce these interventions.
methodsCombined literature review on initiatives to reduce seclusion and restraint, and epidemiological data on the frequency and means of use in the 21st century in different countries. Unpublished study was detected by contacting authors of conference presentations. Minimum requirements for the inclusion of data were reporting the incidence of coercive measures in complete hospital populations for defined periods and related to defined catchment areas.
resultsThere are initiatives to gather data and to develop new clinical practice in several countries. However, data on the use of seclusion and restraint are scarcely available so far. Data fulfilling the inclusion criteria could be detected from 12 different countries, covering single or multiple hospitals in most counties and complete national figures for two countries (Norway, Finland). Both mechanical restraint and seclusion are forbidden in some countries for ethical reasons. Available data suggest that there are huge differences in the percentage of patients subject to and the duration of coercive interventions between countries.
conclusionsDatabases on the use of seclusion and restraint should be established using comparable key indicators. Comparisons between countries and different practices can help to overcome prejudice and improve clinical practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.