ReviewMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR2009
The remarkable frequency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genetic recombination.
Review in Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 163 citations in OpenAlex.
- Enhanced strand transfer and mismatch extension by HIV-1C reverse transcriptase promote sequence motif duplication.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- 5' leader defects drive persistent HIV-1 viremia on long-term ART.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Superinfection promotes replication and diversification of defective HIV-1 proviruses in people with non-suppressible viraemia.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- HIV-1 single-transcription start-site mutants display complementary replication functions that are restored by reversion.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Property of Thai Herbal Extract Kerra™.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Incorporating Intracellular Processes in Virus Dynamics Models.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Co-Infections and Superinfections between HIV-1 and Other Human Viruses at the Cellular Level.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- GWAS reveals determinants of mobilization rate and dynamics of an active endogenous retrovirus of cattle.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Elevated HIV Viral Load is Associated with Higher Recombination Rate In Vivo.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Learning from Persistent Viremia: Mechanisms and Implications for Clinical Care and HIV-1 Cure.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2023Review
- Elevated HIV viral load is associated with higher recombination ratebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Clonally expanded HIV-1 proviruses with 5'-leader defects can give rise to nonsuppressible residual viremia.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
- Revisiting the recombinant history of HIV-1 group M with dynamic network community detection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- RNA Structural Requirements for Nucleocapsid Protein-Mediated Extended Dimer Formation.Viruses · 2022Article
- Infectious RNA: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Biology, Therapeutic Intervention, and the Quest for a Vaccine.Toxins · 2022Review
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) results from a combination of point mutations and genetic recombination, and rates of both processes are unusually high. This review focuses on the mechanisms and outcomes of HIV-1 genetic recombination and on the parameters that make recombination so remarkably frequent. Experimental work has demonstrated that the process that leads to recombination--a copy choice mechanism involving the migration of reverse transcriptase between viral RNA templates--occurs several times on average during every round of HIV-1 DNA synthesis. Key biological factors that lead to high recombination rates for all retroviruses are the recombination-prone nature of their reverse transcription machinery and their pseudodiploid RNA genomes. However, HIV-1 genes recombine even more frequently than do those of many other retroviruses. This reflects the way in which HIV-1 selects genomic RNAs for coencapsidation as well as cell-to-cell transmission properties that lead to unusually frequent associations between distinct viral genotypes. HIV-1 faces strong and changeable selective conditions during replication within patients. The mode of HIV-1 persistence as integrated proviruses and strong selection for defective proviruses in vivo provide conditions for archiving alleles, which can be resuscitated years after initial provirus establishment. Recombination can facilitate drug resistance and may allow superinfecting HIV-1 strains to evade preexisting immune responses, thus adding to challenges in vaccine development. These properties converge to provide HIV-1 with the means, motive, and opportunity to recombine its genetic material at an unprecedented high rate and to allow genetic recombination to serve as one of the highest barriers to HIV-1 eradication.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.