ReviewBMB reports2009
Insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease.
Review in BMB reports, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 169 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
169 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 387 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms and Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cognitive Impairment: A Comprehensive Review.Aging and disease · 2025Pooled it
- Role of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and Mineralocorticoid Receptor on Alzheimer's Disease Onset: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluation of Metabolic and Synaptic Dysfunction Hypotheses of Alzheimer's Disease (AD): A Meta-Analysis of CSF Markers.Current Alzheimer research · 2018Pooled it
- Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2011Pooled it
- Long-term effects of an egg-protein hydrolysate on cognitive performance and brain vascular function: a double-blind randomized controlled trial in adults with elevated subjective cognitive failures.European journal of nutrition · 2024Trial
- An Exploratory Phase IIa Study of the PPAR delta/gamma Agonist T3D-959 Assessing Metabolic and Cognitive Function in Subjects with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2020Trial
- Trial
- The effect of cognitive-motor dual-task training on cognitive function and plasma amyloid β peptide 42/40 ratio in healthy elderly persons: a randomized controlled trial.BMC geriatrics · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Amyloid-β oligomers induce differential gene expression in adult human brain slices.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2012Trial
- Intranasal Insulin Reduces White Matter Hyperintensity Progression in Association with Improvements in Cognition and CSF Biomarker Profiles in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · on this mapTrial
- KetoFLEX 12/3 Diet and Cognitive Health: A Precision-Nutrition Perspective on Mechanisms, Emerging Evidence, and Future Directions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Insulin Regulates AKT/GSK-3β Signalling, Tau Phosphorylation, and Redox Homeostasis in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Sentinel factors for mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus and their interaction mechanisms: a narrative review with network analysis perspective.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Targeting Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases via PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs): Current Developments and Prospects.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- MicroRNA cargo in neuron-derived vesicles as peripheral biomarkers of brain insulin dysregulation.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Article
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Natural Products Targeting Shared Mechanisms of T2DM and AD: Potential Therapeutic Insights.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Review
- Pathology and Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Considering Changes in Brain Energy Metabolism Due to Type 2 Diabetes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The mTOR Pathway: A Common Link Between Alzheimer's Disease and Down Syndrome.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
109 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Emerging data demonstrate pivotal roles for brain insulin resistance and insulin deficiency as mediators of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) regulate neuronal survival, energy metabolism, and plasticity, which are required for learning and memory. Hence, endogenous brain-specific impairments in insulin and IGF signaling account for the majority of AD-associated abnormalities. However, a second major mechanism of cognitive impairment has been linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Human and experimental animal studies revealed that neurodegeneration associated with peripheral insulin resistance is likely effectuated via a liver-brain axis whereby toxic lipids, including ceramides, cross the blood brain barrier and cause brain insulin resistance, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and cell death. In essence, there are dual mechanisms of brain insulin resistance leading to AD-type neurodegeneration: one mediated by endogenous, CNS factors; and the other, peripheral insulin resistance with excess cytotoxic ceramide production.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.