ReviewCellular microbiology2009
'Nothing is permanent but change'- antigenic variation in persistent bacterial pathogens.
Review in Cellular microbiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immuno-Informatics Design of Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate AgainstHealth science reports · 2026Article
- Why the Jenner/Pasteur paradigm is insufficient for controlling vector-borne diseases and the role of microbiota-mediated interactions.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025Review
- Advancements in the development of nucleic acid vaccines for syphilis prevention and control.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Subversion of the immune response of human pathogenic spirochetes.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2022Review
- Bovine Anaplasmosis: Will there ever be an almighty effective vaccine?Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Features ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2021Review
- The Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE Lipoprotein Prevents Antibody Binding to an Arthritis-Related Surface Antigen.Cell reports · 2020Article
- ResumptiveFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Short-Chain Fatty Acids Alter Metabolic and Virulence Attributes of Borrelia burgdorferi.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Vpma phase variation is important for survival and persistence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in the immunocompetent host.PLoS pathogens · 2017Article
- The Unique Microbiology and Molecular Pathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Review
- Review
- Comparison of the lifetime host-to-tick transmission between two strains of the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia afzelii.Parasites & vectors · 2016Article
- Structural Basis for Recombinatorial Permissiveness in the Generation of Anaplasma marginale Msp2 Antigenic Variants.Infection and immunity · 2016Article
- Characterizing the Syphilis-Causing Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum Proteome Using Complementary Mass Spectrometry.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2016Article
- Bacillus anthracis Spore Surface Protein BclA Mediates Complement Factor H Binding to Spores and Promotes Spore Persistence.PLoS pathogens · 2016Article
- All For One and One For All on the Tick-Host Battlefield.Trends in parasitology · 2016Review
- Antigenic Variation in Bacterial Pathogens.Microbiology spectrum · 2016Article
- Role of the VlsE Lipoprotein in Immune Avoidance by the Lyme Disease SpirocheteForum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pathogens persist in immunocompetent mammalian hosts using various strategies, including evasion of immune effectors by antigenic variation. Among highly antigenically variant bacteria, gene conversion is used to generate novel expressed variants from otherwise silent donor sequences. Recombination using oligonucleotide segments from multiple donors is a combinatorial mechanism that tremendously expands the variant repertoire, allowing thousands of variants to be generated from a relatively small donor pool. Three bacterial pathogens, each encoded by a small genome (< 1.2 Mb), illustrate this variant generating capacity and its role in persistent infection. Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE diversity is encoded and expressed on a linear plasmid required for persistence and recent experiments have demonstrated that VlsE recombination is necessary for persistence in the immunocompetent host. In contrast, both Treponema pallidum TprK and Anaplasma marginale Msp2 expression sites and donors are chromosomally encoded. Both T. pallidum and A. marginale generate antigenic variants in vivo in individual hosts and studies at the population level reveal marked strain diversity in the variant repertoire that may underlie pathogen strain structure and the capacity for re-infection and heterologous strain superinfection. Here, we review gene conversion in bacterial antigenic variation and discuss the short- and long-term selective pressures that shape the variant repertoire.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.