ArticlePloS one2009
Host, weather and virological factors drive norovirus epidemiology: time-series analysis of laboratory surveillance data in England and Wales.
Article in PloS one, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Global prevalence of norovirus gastroenteritis after emergence of the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Prevalence and Etiological Characteristics of Norovirus Infection in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2023Pooled it
- Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: a Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought.Environmental science & technology · 2016Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of ambient temperature and diarrhoeal diseases.International journal of epidemiology · 2016Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Waterborne diseases and climate change.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Correlation of Norovirus in Wastewater with Gastroenteritis-Related Hospitalizations, New York, USA, 2022-2024.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Tackling NHS winter pressures due to respiratory disease: the UK Centre for Applied Respiratory Research Innovation and Impact (CARRii).NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2026Review
- Seasonal Trends of Major Respiratory, Gastrointestinal, and Other Viral Infections in Korea: An Analysis Before, During, and After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of Norovirus Immunity: Implications for Vaccine Design.Annual review of pathology · 2026Review
- Updates and Current Knowledge on the Common Forms of Gastroenteritis: A Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Association between detection rate of norovirus GII and climatic factors in the Northwest Amazon region.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Noroviruses: Evolutionary Dynamics, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Advances-A Comprehensive Review.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Comparison of statistical approaches to predicting norovirus laboratory reports before and during COVID-19: insights to inform public health surveillance.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Point-of-Care Testing for Norovirus Typing Using CRISPR/Cas12a Combined with Reverse Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2023Article
- Periodic Characteristics of Hepatitis Virus Infections From 2013 to 2020 and Their Association With Meteorological Factors in Guangdong, China: Surveillance Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- Respiratory virus circulation during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) cohort.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- Spatiotemporal Trends in Norovirus Outbreaks in the United States, 2009-2019.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
unlabelledNorovirus, the most commonly identified cause of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of infectious diarrhoea in developed countries, exhibits a complex epidemiology and has a strong wintertime seasonality. Viral populations are dynamic and evolve under positive selection pressure.
methodsTime series-adapted Poisson regression models were fitted to daily counts of laboratory reports of norovirus in England and Wales from 1993 to 2006.
findingsInverse linear associations with daily temperature over the previous seven weeks (rate ratio (RR) = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.83 to 0.86 for every 1 degrees C increase) and relative humidity over the previous five weeks (RR = 0.980; 95% CI: 0.973 to 0.987 for every 1% increase) were found, with temperature having a greater overall effect. The emergence of new norovirus variants (RR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.22) and low population immunity were also associated with heightened norovirus activity. Temperature and humidity, which may be localised, had highly consistent effects in each region of England and Wales.
conclusionsThese results point to a complex interplay between host, viral and climatic factors driving norovirus epidemic patterns. Increases in norovirus are associated with cold, dry temperature, low population immunity and the emergence of novel genogroup 2 type 4 antigenic variants.
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