ArticleNature2009
Evidence for an early prokaryotic endosymbiosis.
Article in Nature, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integration of Membrane Proteins into the Outer Membrane of Diderm Bacteria by the BAM Complex.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Terrabacteria: redefining bacterial envelope diversity, biogenesis and evolution.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2025Review
- Cell envelope diversity and evolution across the bacterial tree of life.Nature microbiology · 2024Review
- Review
- Photosynthetic Systems Suggest an Evolutionary Pathway to Diderms.Acta biotheoretica · 2021Article
- Genome-wide analysis of the Firmicutes illuminates the diderm/monoderm transition.Nature ecology & evolution · 2020Article
- The Principles of Protein Targeting and Transport Across Cell Membranes.The protein journal · 2019Review
- Rooting phylogenetic trees under the coalescent model using site pattern probabilities.BMC evolutionary biology · 2017Article
- Phylogenomic analysis supports the ancestral presence of LPS-outer membranes in the Firmicutes.eLife · 2016Article
- Sporulation, bacterial cell envelopes and the origin of life.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2016Review
- Rings Reconcile Genotypic and Phenotypic Evolution within the Proteobacteria.Genome biology and evolution · 2015Article
- The hybrid nature of the Eukaryota and a consilient view of life on Earth.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2014Review
- Type IV pili in Gram-positive bacteria.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2013Review
- Evolution of air breathing: oxygen homeostasis and the transitions from water to land and sky.Comprehensive Physiology · 2013Review
- L-form bacteria, cell walls and the origins of life.Open biology · 2013Review
- The deep roots of the rings of life.Genome biology and evolution · 2013Article
- Article
- A phylogenetic analysis of the globins in fungi.PloS one · 2012Article
- Rooting gene trees without outgroups: EP rooting.Genome biology and evolution · 2012Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Endosymbioses have dramatically altered eukaryotic life, but are thought to have negligibly affected prokaryotic evolution. Here, by analysing the flows of protein families, I present evidence that the double-membrane, gram-negative prokaryotes were formed as the result of a symbiosis between an ancient actinobacterium and an ancient clostridium. The resulting taxon has been extraordinarily successful, and has profoundly altered the evolution of life by providing endosymbionts necessary for the emergence of eukaryotes and by generating Earth's oxygen atmosphere. Their double-membrane architecture and the observed genome flows into them suggest a common evolutionary mechanism for their origin: an endosymbiosis between a clostridium and actinobacterium.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.