ReviewParasite immunology2009
Genetic diversity and malaria vaccine design, testing and efficacy: preventing and overcoming 'vaccine resistant malaria'.
Review in Parasite immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
- Controlled Human Malaria Infection with Graded Numbers ofThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2018Trial
- Mother-Newborn Pairs in Malawi Have Similar Antibody Repertoires to Diverse Malaria Antigens.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2017Trial
- Molecular basis of allele-specific efficacy of a blood-stage malaria vaccine: vaccine development implications.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2013Trial
- A field trial to assess a blood-stage malaria vaccine.The New England journal of medicine · 2011Trial
- Trial
- Lack of allele-specific efficacy of a bivalent AMA1 malaria vaccine.Malaria journal · 2010Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of an AMA1 malaria vaccine in Malian children: results of a phase 1 randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2010Trial
- Fluorinated carbohydrate-based vaccines.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Conserved genetic and antigenic profiles of Pf12 and Pf41 in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriers in Tanzania.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Genetic polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum MSP-2 (3D7/IC) and multiplicity of infection in N'Djamena, Chad.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- TEpiNom: A computational framework integrating population data to prioritize Plasmodium falciparum T cell epitopes.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Extreme Genetic Diversity and Signatures of Balancing Selection in Plasmodium vivax Blood-Stage Antigens.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Genetic polymorphism of msp2 in Plasmodium falciparum isolates among asymptomatic malaria infections from two ecological settings in Cameroon.Malaria journal · 2025Article
- Computational Prioritization of T Cell Epitopes to Overcome HLA Restriction and Antigenic Diversity inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the transmission-blocking potential ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Controlled human malaria infection with NF54 and 7G8 strains elicit differential antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum peptides.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Current Developments in Malaria Vaccination: A Concise Review on Implementation, Challenges, and Future Directions.Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications · 2025Review
- Plasmodium vivax antigen candidate prediction improves with the addition of Plasmodium falciparum data.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Article
- Declining genetic polymorphism of the C-terminus Merozoite Surface Protein-1 amidst increased Plasmodium knowlesi transmission in Thailand.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Insights into genomic sequence diversity of the SAG surface antigen superfamily in geographically diverse Eimeria tenella isolates.Scientific reports · 2024Article
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The development of effective malaria vaccines may be hindered by extensive genetic diversity in the surface proteins being employed as vaccine antigens. Understanding of the extent and dynamics of genetic diversity in vaccine antigens is needed to guide rational vaccine design and to interpret the results of vaccine efficacy trials conducted in malaria endemic areas. Molecular epidemiological, population genetic, and structural approaches are being employed to try to identify immunologically relevant polymorphism in vaccine antigens. The results of these studies will inform choices of which alleles to include in multivalent or chimeric vaccines; however, additional molecular and immuno-epidemiological studies in a variety of geographic locations will be necessary for these approaches to succeed. Alternative means of overcoming antigenic diversity are also being explored, including boosting responses to critical conserved regions of current vaccine antigens, identifying new, more conserved and less immunodominant antigens, and developing whole-organism vaccines. Continued creative application and integration of tools from multiple disciplines, including epidemiology, immunology, molecular biology, and evolutionary genetics and genomics, will likely be required to develop broadly protective vaccines against Plasmodium and other antigenically complex pathogens.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.