ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2009
Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 202 citations in OpenAlex.
- An African perspective on the genetic diversity ofParasitology · 2023Pooled it
- The imbalance in the relationship between inflammatory and regulatory cytokines during gestational toxoplasmosis can be harmful to fetuses: A systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- The live attenuatedResearch square · 2026Article
- A Live Attenuated AP2X-1-DeficientAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Ocular toxoplasmosis in Latin American and European patients: clinical characteristics, visual outcomes, and recurrence patterns.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2026Article
- Endogenous cathelicidin protects againstInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from members of the families camelidae and equidae worldwide: a systematic review.Irish veterinary journal · 2026Review
- The gut metabolite arachidonic acid alleviates intestinal injury induced by a Toxoplasma gondii strain isolated from a wild rodent.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- The effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection in parental male mice on the transcriptome of their offspring's brain.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Brain endothelial spheroids and cortical organoids reveal the impact of Toxoplasma gondii lineage and host-phagocyte-pathogen interactions on colonization.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- Genotypic and neuropathological characterization ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Vision-threatening ocular toxoplasmosis involving the fovea diagnosed by intraocular fluid mNGS: A case report.IDCases · 2026Article
- Intra-strain genetic heterogeneity in Toxoplasma gondii ME49: Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing reveals copy number variation in the ROP8-ROP2A locus.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Occurrence and characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-living Eurasian beavers, Castor fiber, from southern England.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Unraveling the link: serological and molecular insights into Toxoplasma gondii infection in women with spontaneous abortion history.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Article
- TIMP1 secretion induced bymSphere · 2025Article
- ICAM-1/CD18-mediated sequestration of parasitized phagocytes in cortical capillaries promotes neuronal colonization by Toxoplasma gondii.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Vesicular mechanisms of drug resistance in apicomplexan parasites.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- First Report on the Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii From Donkeys in Kenya.Acta parasitologica · 2024Article
- First Report on the Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii From Donkeys in Kenya.Acta parasitologica · 2024Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most widespread parasites of domestic, wild, and companion animals, and it also commonly infects humans. Toxoplasma gondii has a complex life cycle. Sexual development occurs only in the cat gut, while asexual replication occurs in many vertebrate hosts. These features combine to create an unusual population structure. The vast majority of strains in North America and Europe fall into three recently derived, clonal lineages known as types I, II and III. Recent studies have revealed that South American strains are more genetically diverse and comprise distinct genotypes. These differences have been shaped by infrequent sexual recombination, population sweeps and biogeography. The majority of human infections that have been studied in North America and Europe are caused by type II strains, which are also common in agricultural animals from these regions. In contrast, several diverse genotypes of T. gondii are associated with severe infections in humans in South America. Defining the population structure of T. gondii from new regions has important implications for transmission, immunogenicity and pathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.