Trial reportAddiction (Abingdon, England)2009
Employment-based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00249496 (Therapeutic Workplace Maintenance Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Therapeutic Workplace Maintenance Study
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychosocial interventions for stimulant use disorder.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Quality-of-life improvements associated with reductions in cocaine-positive urine drug screens.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2026Trial
- A single-blind, randomized, controlled contingency management trial on physiological indices and biomarkers of cardiovascular health in people with cocaine use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Trial
- Cocaine abstinence during the "critical period" of a contingency management trial predicts future abstinence in people with cocaine use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Trial
- A preliminary investigation of schedule parameters on cocaine abstinence in contingency management.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2022Trial
- Abstinence-contingent wage supplements to promote drug abstinence and employment: Post-intervention outcomes.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Trial
- Abstinence-contingent wage supplements to promote drug abstinence and employment: a randomised controlled trial.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2020Trial
- Randomized controlled trial of d-cycloserine in cocaine dependence: Effects on contingency management and cue-induced cocaine craving in a naturalistic setting.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2020Trial
- Contingency management for college student smokers: The role of drinking as a moderator and mediator of smoking abstinence during treatment.Addictive behaviors · 2018Trial
- Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to oral naltrexone in unemployed injection drug users: 12-month outcomes.Psychology of addictive behaviors : journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors · 2015Trial
- The therapeutic workplace to promote treatment engagement and drug abstinence in out-of-treatment injection drug users: a randomized controlled trial.Preventive medicine · 2014Trial
- Employment-based abstinence reinforcement following inpatient detoxification in HIV-positive opioid and/or cocaine-dependent patients.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2014Trial
- Employment-based abstinence reinforcement promotes opiate and cocaine abstinence in out-of-treatment injection drug users.Journal of applied behavior analysis · 2014Trial
- Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to oral naltrexone treatment in unemployed injection drug users.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to an FDA approved extended release formulation of naltrexone in opioid-dependent adults: a randomized controlled trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2012Trial
- A randomized trial of contingency management delivered in the context of group counseling.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology · 2011Trial
- Employment-based reinforcement of adherence to depot naltrexone in unemployed opioid-dependent adults: a randomized controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2011Trial
- Employment-based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: post-intervention outcomes.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2011Trial
- A randomized clinical trial of a Therapeutic Workplace for chronically unemployed, homeless, alcohol-dependent adults.Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire)Trial
- Recovery support services as part of the continuum of care for alcohol or drug use disorders.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextDue to the chronic nature of cocaine dependence, long-term maintenance treatments may be required to sustain abstinence. Abstinence reinforcement is among the most effective means of initiating cocaine abstinence. Practical and effective means of maintaining abstinence reinforcement programs over time are needed.
objectiveTo determine whether employment-based abstinence reinforcement can be an effective long-term maintenance intervention for cocaine dependence.
designParticipants (n = 128) were enrolled in a 6-month job skills training and abstinence initiation program. Participants who initiated abstinence, attended regularly and developed needed job skills during the first 6 months were hired as operators in a data entry business and assigned randomly to an employment-only (control, n = 24) or abstinence-contingent employment (n = 27) group.
settingA non-profit data entry business. Participants Unemployed welfare recipients who used cocaine persistently while enrolled in methadone treatment in Baltimore.
interventionAbstinence-contingent employment participants received 1 year of employment-based contingency management, in which access to employment was contingent upon provision of drug-free urine samples under routine and then random drug testing. If a participant provided drug-positive urine or failed to provide a mandatory sample, then that participant received a temporary reduction in pay and could not work until urinalysis confirmed recent abstinence.
main outcome measureCocaine-negative urine samples at monthly assessments across 1 year of employment.
resultsDuring the 1 year of employment, abstinence-contingent employment participants provided significantly more cocaine-negative urine samples than employment-only participants [79.3% and 50.7%, respectively; P = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) = 3.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.60-8.69]. Conclusions Employment-based abstinence reinforcement that includes random drug testing is effective as a long-term maintenance intervention, and is among the most promising treatments for drug dependence. Work-places could serve as therapeutic agents in the treatment of drug dependence by arranging long-term employment-based contingency management programs.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.