ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2009
Galactoxylomannan-mediated immunological paralysis results from specific B cell depletion in the context of widespread immune system damage.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative Analysis of Glucuronoxylomannogalactan and Glucuronoxylomannan Antibody Responses and Their Associations With Cryptococcal Disease Status in People With HIV.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The Hidden Fortress: A Comprehensive Review of Fungal Biofilms with Emphasis onJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Global trends inFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Programmed Cell Death: Central Player in Fungal Infections.Trends in cell biology · 2021Review
- Biology and function of exo-polysaccharides from human fungal pathogens.Current clinical microbiology reports · 2020Article
- Basic principles of the virulence ofVirulence · 2019Review
- Involvement of the capsular GalXM-induced IL-17 cytokine in the control of Cryptococcus neoformans infection.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Mechanisms ofFrontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Immune Recognition of Fungal Polysaccharides.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Review
- Heterocycle Thiazole Compounds Exhibit Antifungal Activity through Increase in the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Cryptococcus neoformans-Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2017Article
- Microbial egress: a hitchhiker's guide to freedom.PLoS pathogens · 2014Review
- Article
- Unusual galactofuranose modification of a capsule polysaccharide in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2013Article
- Article
- Spontaneous inflammatory pain model from a mouse line with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis.Journal of biomedical science · 2012Article
- The tetraspanin CD82 is specifically recruited to fungal and bacterial phagosomes prior to acidification.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Evaluation of Cryptococcus neoformans galactoxylomannan-protein conjugate as vaccine candidate against murine cryptococcosis.Vaccine · 2011Article
- Article
- Galactoxylomannans from Cryptococcus neoformans varieties neoformans and grubii are structurally and antigenically variable.Eukaryotic cell · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for polysaccharide-induced immunological paralysis have remained unexplained almost a century after this phenomenon was first described. Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharides glucuronoxylomannan and galactoxylomannan (GalXM) elicit little or no Ab responses. This study investigates the immunological and biological effects of GalXM in mice. GalXM immunization elicits a state of immunological paralysis in mice characterized by the disappearance of Ab-producing cells in the spleen. Immunological paralysis and lack of immunogenicity could not be overcome by immunization with GalXM conjugated to a protein carrier, Bacillus anthracis protective Ag. Additionally, immunization with GalXM in either complete or IFA was associated with spleen enlargement in BALB/c mice. TUNEL and flow cytometry revealed widespread apoptosis in the spleen after GalXM administration. Administration of a cocktail of caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK and general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK or Fas-deficient mice abrogated the complete disappearance of Ab-producing cells. Analysis of spleen cytokine expression in response to GalXM systemic injection revealed that GalXM down-regulated the production of inflammatory cytokines. Hence, we conclude that GalXM-induced immune paralysis is a result of specific B cell depletion mediated by its proapoptotic properties in the context of widespread dysregulation of immune function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.