ArticlePsychopharmacology2009
Self-administration of cocaine and nicotine mixtures by rhesus monkeys.
Article in Psychopharmacology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nicotine effects on associative learning in human non-smokers.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2018Trial
- Cigarette smoking and short-term addiction treatment outcome.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2011Trial
- The role of polysubstance use in the development, maintenance, and treatment of stimulant use disorders.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- The impact of sex, species, environmental context, and alternative reinforcers in animal models of cocaine use disorders.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2025Review
- Behavioral and neuronal extracellular vesicle biomarkers associated with nicotine's enhancement of the reinforcing strength of cocaine in female and male monkeys.Addiction neuroscience · 2024Article
- Nicotine modifies cocaine responding in a concurrent self-administration model.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- Effects of chronic treatment with bupropion on self-administration of nicotine + cocaine mixtures in nonhuman primates.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Kappa opioid agonists reduce oxycodone self-administration in male rhesus monkeys.Psychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Interactions between nicotine and drugs of abuse: a review of preclinical findings.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2017Review
- Effects of continuous nicotine treatment and subsequent termination on cocaine versus food choice in male rhesus monkeys.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2015Article
- Self-administration of cocaine and remifentanil by monkeys under concurrent-access conditions.Psychopharmacology · 2015Article
- Effects of chronic varenicline treatment on nicotine, cocaine, and concurrent nicotine+cocaine self-administration.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2014Article
- Vulnerability to smokeless tobacco use among those dependent on alcohol or illicit drugs.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2014Article
- Effects of chronic buspirone treatment on nicotine and concurrent nicotine+cocaine self-administration.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2013Article
- Prior exposure to THC increases the addictive effects of nicotine in rats.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2013Article
- Effects of varenicline on the reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2011Article
- Discriminative and reinforcing stimulus effects of nicotine, cocaine, and cocaine + nicotine combinations in rhesus monkeys.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleThe concurrent use of cocaine and nicotine is associated with increases in their relative rates of intake. While this increase could be due to a high reinforcing effect of the drug combination, higher rates of intake could also be explained by a decrease in the drugs' relative reinforcing effects.
objectivesTo determine if nicotine could modulate cocaine's reinforcing effects, the current study compared the reinforcing potency and strength of cocaine to cocaine mixed with various concentrations of nicotine.
methodFive rhesus monkeys were allowed to self-administer cocaine (25-400 microg/kg/inj), nicotine (12-50 microg/kg/inj), or combinations of the two under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement.
resultsNicotine alone did not function as a reinforcer. Cocaine injections increased in a dose-dependent manner when taken alone and when taken as a mixture with nicotine. Furthermore, adding nicotine to cocaine shifted the cocaine dose-response function to the left in four of the five monkeys. Analysis of the ED(50) values for cocaine and the mixtures indicated that some mixtures of cocaine and nicotine were more potent than cocaine alone. There were no differences in maximum injections between cocaine or any of the mixtures of cocaine and nicotine.
conclusionThese results suggest that nicotine, under certain conditions, can increase cocaine's potency as a reinforcer without affecting its maximum reinforcing strength.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.