ArticleDrug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals2009
Effects of dose and route of administration on pharmacokinetics of (+ or -)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the rat.
Article in Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- MDMA and memory, addiction, and depression: dose-effect analysis.Psychopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Cognitive Effects of MDMA in Laboratory Animals: A Systematic Review Focusing on Dose.Pharmacological reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Methylone and MDMA Pharmacokinetics Following Controlled Administration in Humans.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Trial
- Stereoselective urinary MDMA (ecstasy) and metabolites excretion kinetics following controlled MDMA administration to humans.Biochemical pharmacology · 2012Trial
- Urinary excretion kinetics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and its phase I and phase II metabolites in humans following controlled MDMA administration.Clinical chemistry · 2011Trial
- Sex differences in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy)-induced cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibition in humans.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2011Trial
- A repeated low-dose regimen of MDMA has transient next-day effects on locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, and brain serotonin levels, with no effect on anhedonia-like behavior, in both female and male rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
- A Multimodal Preclinical Assessment of MDMA in Female and Male Rats: Prohedonic, Cognition Disruptive, and Prosocial Effects.Psychedelic medicine (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Dantrolene sodium fails to reverse robust brain hyperthermia induced by MDMA and methamphetamine in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2023Article
- Metabolites of the ring-substituted stimulants MDMA, methylone and MDPV differentially affect human monoaminergic systems.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2019Article
- 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs the extinction and reconsolidation of fear memory in rats.Physiology & behavior · 2019Article
- The role of nonmuscle myosin II in polydrug memories and memory reconsolidation.Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · 2018Article
- Utility of Nonhuman Primates in Substance Use Disorders Research.ILAR journal · 2017Review
- Inhibition of mirtazapine metabolism by Ecstasy (MDMA) in isolated perfused rat liver model.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2017Article
- Pharmacokinetic Profiles and Pharmacodynamic Effects for Methylone and Its Metabolites in Rats.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2017Article
- Pharmacokinetic, Ambulatory, and Hyperthermic Effects of 3,4-Methylenedioxy-Frontiers in psychiatry · 2017Article
- Environment Influencing Serotonin Syndrome Induced by Ecstasy Abuse.Annals of forensic research and analysis · 2017Article
- Neuropharmacology of 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), Its Metabolites, and Related Analogs.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2017Review
- MDMA, Methylone, and MDPV: Drug-Induced Brain Hyperthermia and Its Modulation by Activity State and Environment.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Based on animal data, there is speculation that (+ or -)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is neurotoxic to humans. Extrapolation of MDMA findings from animals to humans requires assessment of pharmacokinetics in various species, and low-dose administration data from rats are lacking. In this study, we examine MDMA pharmacokinetics in rats given low (2 mg/kg) and high (10 mg/kg) doses of racemic MDMA via intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and oral routes. Repeated blood specimens were collected from venous catheters, and plasma was assayed for MDMA and its metabolites, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After 2 mg/kg, maximum MDMA concentrations (C(max)) were approximately 200 ng/ml for intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes, but less for the oral route. MDMA plasma half-lives were <1 h for low-dose groups, whereas HMMA and MDA half-lives were >2 h. After 10 mg/kg, MDMA areas under the curve (AUCs) were 21-fold (intraperitoneal), 10-fold (subcutaneous), and 36-fold (oral) greater than those at 2 mg/kg. In contrast, HMMA AUC values in high-dose groups were <3-fold above those at 2 mg/kg. Several new findings emerge from this report of low-dose MDMA pharmacokinetics in rats. First, 2 mg/kg MDMA in rats can produce MDMA C(max) values similar to those in humans, perhaps explaining why both species discriminate 1.5 mg/kg MDMA in laboratory paradigms. Second, our data provide additional support for nonlinear kinetics of MDMA in rats, and, analogous to humans, this phenomenon appears to involve impaired drug metabolism. Finally, given key similarities between MDMA pharmacokinetics in rats and humans, data from rats may be clinically relevant when appropriate dosing conditions are used.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.