ArticleVaccine2009
Development of an ex vivo human skin model for intradermal vaccination: tissue viability and Langerhans cell behaviour.
Article in Vaccine, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- In vivo, in situ imaging of microneedle insertion into the skin of human volunteers using optical coherence tomography.Pharmaceutical research · 2011Trial
- Exploring UVA1-Induced Metabolic Effects in Different In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Systems.Metabolites · 2026Article
- In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models to Study Molecular Trafficking Across the Human Intestinal Barrier.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A human ex vivo skin model breaking boundaries.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Active neutrophil responses counteract Candida albicans burn wound infection of ex vivo human skin explants.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Kinetic Cytokine Secretion Profile of LPS-Induced Inflammation in the Human Skin Organ Culture.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Utilizing Organoid and Air-Liquid Interface Models as a Screening Method in the Development of New Host Defense Peptides.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- The Antiseptic Octenidine Inhibits Langerhans Cell Activation and Modulates Cytokine Expression upon Superficial Wounding with Tape Stripping.Journal of immunology research · 2019Article
- AnFrontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Hydrogel-forming microneedle arrays can be effectively inserted in skin by self-application: a pilot study centred on pharmacist intervention and a patient information leaflet.Pharmaceutical research · 2014Article
- Skin permeabilization for transdermal drug delivery: recent advances and future prospects.Expert opinion on drug delivery · 2014Review
- Host responses in human skin after conventional intradermal injection or microneedle administration of virus-like-particle influenza vaccine.Advanced healthcare materials · 2013Article
- Gene silencing following siRNA delivery to skin via coated steel microneedles: In vitro and in vivo proof-of-concept.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2013Article
- Pocketed microneedles for rapid delivery of a liquid-state botulinum toxin A formulation into human skin.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2013Article
- Microneedles for drug and vaccine delivery.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2012Review
- Microneedle delivery of plasmid DNA to living human skin: Formulation coating, skin insertion and gene expression.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2012Article
- Delivery systems for intradermal vaccination.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2012Review
- Microneedle delivery of H5N1 influenza virus-like particles to the skin induces long-lasting B- and T-cell responses in mice.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
- Silencing of reporter gene expression in skin using siRNAs and expression of plasmid DNA delivered by a soluble protrusion array device (PAD).Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2010Article
- Changes in human Langerhans cells following intradermal injection of influenza virus-like particle vaccines.PloS one · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The presence of resident Langerhans cells (LCs) in the epidermis makes the skin an attractive target for DNA vaccination. However, reliable animal models for cutaneous vaccination studies are limited. We demonstrate an ex vivo human skin model for cutaneous DNA vaccination which can potentially bridge the gap between pre-clinical in vivo animal models and clinical studies. Cutaneous transgene expression was utilised to demonstrate epidermal tissue viability in culture. LC response to the culture environment was monitored by immunohistochemistry. Full-thickness and split-thickness skin remained genetically viable in culture for at least 72 h in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and full organ culture medium (OCM). The epidermis of explants cultured in OCM remained morphologically intact throughout the culture duration. LCs in full-thickness skin exhibited a delayed response (reduction in cell number and increase in cell size) to the culture conditions compared with split-thickness skin, whose response was immediate. In conclusion, excised human skin can be cultured for a minimum of 72 h for analysis of gene expression and immune cell activation. However, the use of split-thickness skin for vaccine formulation studies may not be appropriate because of the nature of the activation. Full-thickness skin explants are a more suitable model to assess cutaneous vaccination ex vivo.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.