ArticleDiabetes care2009
Association of type 1 diabetes with month of birth among U.S. youth: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study.
Article in Diabetes care, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents.Pediatric diabetes · 2018Guideline
- Gestational Diabetes Risk May Vary Depending on Birth Month.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity is modified by interactions between CD247 and environmental exposures.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Type 1 Diabetes Incidence Trends in a Cohort of Turkish Children and Youth.Turkish archives of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Cytokine production by newborns: influence of sex and season of birth.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Assessment of effects of moon phases on hospital outpatient visits: An observational national study.AIMS public health · 2023Article
- Extremely Early Appearance of Islet Autoantibodies in Genetically Susceptible Children.Pediatric diabetes · 2023Observational
- Month of birth and the risk of developing type 1 diabetes among children in the Swedish national Better Diabetes Diagnosis Study.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2022Article
- Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes and Gut Microbiota Role.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Article
- Evaluation of Month of Birth in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMSOD) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS).Multiple sclerosis international · 2021Article
- Season of birth influences on breastfeeding incidence and duration.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2020Article
- Article
- Vitamin D's Effect on Immune Function.Nutrients · 2020Review
- The heterogeneous pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2019Review
- Multifactorial analysis of the stochastic epigenetic variability in cord blood confirmed an impact of common behavioral and environmental factors but not of in vitro conception.Clinical epigenetics · 2018Article
- Modeling month-season of birth as a risk factor in mouse models of chronic disease: from multiple sclerosis to autoimmune encephalomyelitis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2017Article
- Association of neovascular age-related macular degeneration with month and season of birth in Italy.Aging · 2016Article
- Season and region of birth as risk factors for coeliac disease a key to the aetiology?Archives of disease in childhood · 2016Article
- Impact of Month of Birth on the Risk of Development of Autoimmune Addison's Disease.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveSeasonal environment at birth may influence diabetes incidence in later life. We sought evidence for this effect in a large sample of diabetic youth residing in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe compared the distribution of birth months within the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study (SEARCH study) with the monthly distributions in U.S. births tabulated by race for years 1982-2005. SEARCH study participants (9,737 youth with type 1 diabetes and 1,749 with type 2 diabetes) were identified by six collaborating U.S. centers.
resultsAmong type 1 diabetic youth, the percentage of observed to expected births differed across the months (P = 0.0092; decreased in October-February and increased in March-July). Their smoothed birth-month estimates demonstrated a deficit in November-February births and an excess in April-July births (smoothed May versus January relative risk [RR] = 1.06 [95% CI 1.02-1.11]). Stratifications by sex or by three racial groups showed similar patterns relating type 1 diabetes to month of birth. Stratification by geographic regions showed a peak-to-nadir RR of 1.10 [1.04-1.16] in study regions from the northern latitudes (Colorado, western Washington State, and southern Ohio) but no birth-month effect (P > 0.9) in study regions from more southern locations. Among type 2 diabetic youth, associations with birth month were inconclusive.
conclusionsSpring births were associated with increased likelihood of type 1 diabetes but possibly not in all U.S. regions. Causal mechanisms may involve factors dependent on geographic latitude such as solar irradiance, but it is unknown whether they influence prenatal or early postnatal development.
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Registered trials
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