ArticleChromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology2009
The role of LINEs and CpG islands in dosage compensation on the chicken Z chromosome.
Article in Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assembly and analysis of Sinipercidae fish sex chromosomes reveals that a supergene drives sex chromosome origin and turnover.Advanced biotechnology · 2025Article
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- Do Ty3/Gypsy Transposable Elements Play Preferential Roles in Sex Chromosome Differentiation?Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The Female-Specific W Chromosomes of Birds Have Conserved Gene Contents but Are Not Feminized.Genes · 2020Article
- Regional epigenetic differentiation of the Z Chromosome between sexes in a female heterogametic system.Genome research · 2019Article
- Evolution of vertebrate sex chromosomes and dosage compensation.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2016Review
- Sex-chromosome evolution: recent progress and the influence of male and female heterogamety.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2011Review
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Most avian Z genes are expressed more highly in ZZ males than ZW females, suggesting that chromosome-wide mechanisms of dosage compensation have not evolved. Nevertheless, a small percentage of Z genes are expressed at similar levels in males and females, an indication that a yet unidentified mechanism compensates for the sex difference in copy number. Primary DNA sequences are thought to have a role in determining chromosome gene inactivation status on the mammalian X chromosome. However, it is currently unknown whether primary DNA sequences also mediate chicken Z gene compensation status. Using a combination of chicken DNA sequences and Z gene compensation profiles of 310 genes, we explored the relationship between Z gene compensation status and primary DNA sequence features. Statistical analysis of different Z chromosomal features revealed that long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and CpG islands are enriched on the Z chromosome compared with 329 other DNA features. Linear support vector machine (SVM) classifiers, using primary DNA sequences, correctly predict the Z compensation status for >60% of all Z-linked genes. CpG islands appear to be the most accurate classifier and alone can correctly predict compensation of 63% of Z genes. We also show that LINE CR1 elements are enriched 2.7-fold on the chicken Z chromosome compared with autosomes and that chicken chromosomal length is highly correlated with percentage LINE content. However, the position of LINE elements is not significantly associated with dosage compensation status of Z genes. We also find a trend for a higher proportion of CpG islands in the region of the Z chromosome with the fewest dosage-compensated genes compared with the region containing the greatest concentration of compensated genes. Comparison between chicken and platypus genomes shows that LINE elements are not enriched on sex chromosomes in platypus, indicating that LINE accumulation is not a feature of all sex chromosomes. Our results suggest that CpG islands are not randomly distributed on the Z chromosome and may influence Z gene dosage compensation status.
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