ReviewDrug safety2009
Comparative tolerability of newer agents for insomnia.
Review in Drug safety, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Eszopiclone for insomnia.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamic, Safety and Tolerability of Fazamorexant, a Novel Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist: Report of the First-in-Human Study.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Trial
- Effects of Zolpidem CR on Sleep and Nocturnal Ventilation in Patients with Heart Failure.Sleep · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Orexin receptor antagonism, a new sleep-enabling paradigm: a proof-of-concept clinical trial.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2012Trial
- Benzodiazepine Dependence: Clinical and Molecular Aspects, Preventive Strategies and Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A Review of Drug Abuse, Misuse, and Related Laboratory Challenges.Current drug safety · 2024Review
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Morbihan's Disease: A Practical Approach based on Review of the Literature.The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology · 2023Review
- Reduction of Sleep Medications via a Combined Digital Insomnia and Pharmacist-Led Deprescribing Intervention: Protocol for a Feasibility Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Alliance for Sleep Clinical Practice Guideline on Switching or Deprescribing Hypnotic Medications for Insomnia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Melatonin and melatonergic drugs in sleep disorders.Translational and clinical pharmacology · 2022Review
- Case Report: High doses of Zolpidem and QT interval lengthening: Is there a relationship? A case series.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Nonclinical pharmacology of daridorexant: a new dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia.Psychopharmacology · 2021Review
- Article
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia and Women's Health: Sex as a Biological Variable.Sleep medicine clinics · 2019Review
- An Insight into Z-Drug Abuse and Dependence: An Examination of Reports to the European Medicines Agency Database of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Article
- Emergency department visits involving benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2017Article
- Sedative Hypnotic Medication Use and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash.American journal of public health · 2015Article
- Melatonin prolonged release: in the treatment of insomnia in patients aged ≥55 years.Drugs & aging · 2012Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Newer treatment options for insomnia include the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem, zolpidem-controlled release, zaleplon, zopiclone, eszopiclone and the melatonin receptor agonist, ramelteon. These compounds are generally well tolerated and present favourable safety profiles in comparison with the older benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Commonly cited impairments of memory formation and decrements in psychomotor performance are related to the mechanism of action of hypnotics, and are both dose- and time-dependent. These effects typically are minimal on the morning following night-time administration. The non-benzodiazepines are associated with some risk for dependence and abuse. However, concerns regarding such risks appear to be greater than warranted by empirical evidence. The appropriate therapeutic use of hypnotics is generally not associated with physiological responses that are commonly thought to lead to dependence, such as tolerance or discontinuation effects. Former substance abusers and psychiatric patients appear to be at greatest risk. The labelling of hypnotics was recently updated to incorporate warnings about very rare, but serious adverse events that have been identified in postmarketing surveillance. These events include anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction); angio-oedema (severe facial swelling); and complex sleep-related behaviours, which may include sleep-driving, making phone calls and preparing and eating food. This article will review the adverse event profiles of these newer sedative hypnotics, their effects on memory and psychomotor performance, abuse liability concerns and the most recent information about the rare adverse effects that prompted the recent revision to the labelling of drugs in the hypnotic class.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.