ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
Circulating CD21low B cells in common variable immunodeficiency resemble tissue homing, innate-like B cells.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 178 papers.
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Who cites it
178 citing papers in PubMed, 330 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elevated CD21Journal of clinical immunology · 2022Trial
- The Antigen Presenting Potential of CD21Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Failure of B Cell Tolerance in CVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Trial
- Patients with common variable immunodeficiency with autoimmune cytopenias exhibit hyperplastic yet inefficient germinal center responses.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2019Trial
- B-cell reconstitution after lentiviral vector-mediated gene therapy in patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2015Trial
- Trial
- A small CD11b(+) human B1 cell subpopulation stimulates T cells and is expanded in lupus.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2011Trial
- Trial
- Expression patterns of CD24 and CD27 resolve the origins and gradual differentiation of CD11cThe EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Beyond B cells: T and Innate Immune Mechanisms of Autoimmunity in Common Variable Immunodeficiency.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Elevated IL-10 is Linked With the Expansion of T-betJournal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Interferon-Mediated Regulation of Memory B Cell Identity and Function.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Human CD21Journal of human immunity · 2026Review
- Clinical and immunological factors associated with gastrointestinal involvement in common variable immunodeficiency: a real-world study.BMC immunology · 2026Article
- Association Between Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Pulmonary Amyloidosis: Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Follicular Helper T Cells and B Cell Maturation in Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Recurrent Infections.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Do human B-1 lymphocytes truly exist?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- P75iScience · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in B Cells From the Joints of Children With Oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Know Your ABCs: Discovery, Differentiation, and Targeting of T-Bet+ B Cells.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
118 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The homeostasis of circulating B cell subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy adults is well regulated, but in disease it can be severely disturbed. Thus, a subgroup of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) presents with an extraordinary expansion of an unusual B cell population characterized by the low expression of CD21. CD21(low) B cells are polyclonal, unmutated IgM(+)IgD(+) B cells but carry a highly distinct gene expression profile which differs from conventional naïve B cells. Interestingly, while clearly not representing a memory population, they do share several features with the recently defined memory-like tissue, Fc receptor-like 4 positive B cell population in the tonsils of healthy donors. CD21(low) B cells show signs of previous activation and proliferation in vivo, while exhibiting defective calcium signaling and poor proliferation in response to B cell receptor stimulation. CD21(low) B cells express decreased amounts of homeostatic but increased levels of inflammatory chemokine receptors. This might explain their preferential homing to peripheral tissues like the bronchoalveolar space of CVID or the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Therefore, as a result of the close resemblance to the gene expression profile, phenotype, function and preferential tissue homing of murine B1 B cells, we suggest that CD21(low) B cells represent a human innate-like B cell population.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.