ArticleCell host & microbe2009
Gene expression signatures diagnose influenza and other symptomatic respiratory viral infections in humans.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 245 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
245 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 436 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrated, Multi-cohort Analysis Identifies Conserved Transcriptional Signatures across Multiple Respiratory Viruses.Immunity · 2015Pooled it
- The Feasibility of Host Transcriptome Profiling as a Diagnostic Tool for Microbial Etiology in Childhood Cancer Patients with Febrile Neutropenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Trial
- Minimal transmission in an influenza A (H3N2) human challenge-transmission model within a controlled exposure environment.PLoS pathogens · 2020Trial
- Pathway mapping of leukocyte transcriptome in influenza patients reveals distinct pathogenic mechanisms associated with progression to severe infection.BMC medical genomics · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Nasal microbiota clusters associate with inflammatory response, viral load, and symptom severity in experimental rhinovirus challenge.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Development of an objective gene expression panel as an alternative to self-reported symptom scores in human influenza challenge trials.Journal of translational medicine · 2017Trial
- Trial
- A novel host-proteome signature for distinguishing between acute bacterial and viral infections.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Gene expression profiles in febrile children with defined viral and bacterial infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Trial
- Innate immune responsiveness predicts enhanced cellular immunity and symptomatic disease after controlled human influenza infection.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Gene expression patterns associated with influenza A and type I hypersensitivity in childhood appendicitis.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Article
- Host gene expression analysis in the detection of bacterial and viral etiology in children hospitalized with a suspected severe infection.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Early diagnosis of serious bacterial infection in febrile infants using type I interferon signature.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Immune Responses to Influenza Infection in Children.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Explainable AI multiomics analysis reveals shared and divergent host responses in COVID-19 and influenza.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Proceedings of the inaugural symposium on dengue human challenge studies "Challenging the norm: Accelerating dengue countermeasures through human studies".PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Paired-Sample and Pathway-Anchored MLOps Framework for Robust Transcriptomic Machine Learning in Small Cohorts: Model Classification Study.JMIR bioinformatics and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Molecular dynamics of the host response to Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia in baboons.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Article
- The host response to influenza infections in human lung and macrophages cell lines.BMC genomic data · 2025Article
185 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a common reason for seeking medical attention, and the threat of pandemic influenza will likely add to these numbers. Using human viral challenge studies with live rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza A, we developed peripheral blood gene expression signatures that distinguish individuals with symptomatic ARIs from uninfected individuals with >95% accuracy. We validated this "acute respiratory viral" signature-encompassing genes with a known role in host defense against viral infections-across each viral challenge. We also validated the signature in an independently acquired data set for influenza A and classified infected individuals from healthy controls with 100% accuracy. In the same data set, we could also distinguish viral from bacterial ARIs (93% accuracy). These results demonstrate that ARIs induce changes in human peripheral blood gene expression that can be used to diagnose a viral etiology of respiratory infection and triage symptomatic individuals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.