ArticleBritish journal of cancer2009
Differences in the risk of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus infection by education level.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Vaginal bacteria and cervical cancer: a bibliometric analysis of trends and themes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions for encouraging sexual behaviours intended to prevent cervical cancer.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2011Pooled it
- HPV Testing Versus Cytology for Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women 50 Years and Older: Evidence From the HPV FOCAL Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of cancer · 2026Trial
- Educational inequalities in cervical cancer mortality in the Baltic countries and Finland in the context of organized screening: A register-based study 2000-2015.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Women's preferences for cervical cancer screening methods: a discrete choice experiment in Estonia and France.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of government-organized screening programs on the economic burden of cervical cancer across five disease courses: a multistage regression and mediation analysis.Cancer biology & medicine · 2025Article
- Association between metabolic syndrome and cervical cancer among women in Southwestern Uganda: A case-control study.Gynecologic oncology reports · 2024Article
- Epidemiology of HPV-associated cancers past, present and future: towards prevention and elimination.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2024Review
- Prevalence of HPV types in HIV-positive and negative females with normal cervical cytology or dysplasia.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2023Article
- Misconceptions About Female Cancers Contributing to Late Presentation to Health Facilities in Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study.International journal of women's health · 2023Article
- Factors associated with late-stage presentation of cervical cancer in Ghana.Ghana medical journal · 2022Article
- A story-telling cloth approach to motivating cervical cancer screening in Mali.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Timing, number, and type of sexual partners associated with risk of oropharyngeal cancer.Cancer · 2021Article
- Factors Associated with Pre- and Post-Educational Intervention Knowledge Levels of HPV and Cervical Cancer Among the Male and Female University Students, Northwest Ethiopia.Cancer management and research · 2021Article
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Chemoradiation and Radiotherapy Treatment for Stage IIB and IIIB Cervical Cancer Patients.International journal of women's health · 2021Article
- High frequency of HPV genotypes 59, 66, 52, 51, 39 and 56 in women from Western Mexico.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Article
- Cervical cancer outcome by type of health care facilities: National Cancer Database, 2004-2015.Cancer health disparities · 2020Article
- Cofactors and Their Association with Cancer of the Uterine Cervix in Women Infected with High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in South India.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCervical cancer risk is associated with low education even in an unscreened population, but it is not clear whether human papillomavirus (HPV) infection follows the same pattern.
methodsTwo large multicentric studies (case-control studies of cervical cancer and HPV prevalence survey) including nearly 20 000 women. GP5+/GP6+ PCR was used to detect HPV.
resultsEducation level was consistently associated with cervical cancer risk (odds ratio (OR) for 0 and >5 years vs 1-5 years=1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25-1.80 and 0.69, 95% CI: 0.57-0.82, respectively, P for trend <0.0001). In contrast, no association emerged between education level and HPV infection in either of the two IARC studies. A majority of the women studied had never had a Pap smear. The association between low education level and cervical cancer was most strongly attenuated by adjustment for age at first sexual intercourse and first pregnancy. Parity and screening history (but not lifetime number of sexual partners, husband's extramarital sexual relationships, and smoking) also seemed to be important confounding factors.
conclusionThe excess of cervical cancer found in women with a low socio-economic status seems, therefore, not to be explained by a concomitant excess of HPV prevalence, but rather by early events in a woman's sexually active life that may modify the cancer-causing potential of HPV infection.
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