ArticleVirology2009
TLR3 and TLR4 are innate antiviral immune receptors in human microglia: role of IRF3 in modulating antiviral and inflammatory response in the CNS.
Article in Virology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Signatures of HIV-Induced Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Human Cerebral Organoids: Identification of Therapeutic Targets for NeuroHIV.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Oligodendroglia as Active Immunomodulators in Demyelinating Diseases.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- Unleashing the immune arsenal: development of broad spectrum multiepitope bluetongue vaccine targeting conserved T cell epitopes of structural proteins.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- A multi-omic atlas in the African turquoise killifish reveals increased glucocorticoid signaling as a hallmark of brain aging.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- TLR3 activation of microglia-containing cerebral organoid induces antiviral factors against HIV-1 infection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Multi-Modal Differential Analysis of the Human Neo-Cortex in HIV Infection Reveals Similarities with Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease.Research square · 2025Article
- Establishment an echovirus 6 infection model based on hFcRn transgenic mice.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Immuno-informatics study identifies conserved T cell epitopes in non-structural proteins of Bluetongue virus serotypes: formulation of a computationally optimized next-generation broad-spectrum multi-epitope vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Activation of Toll-like receptor 3 inhibits HIV infection of human iPSC-derived microglia.Journal of medical virology · 2023Article
- Cysteine Peptidase Cathepsin X as a Therapeutic Target for Simultaneous TLR3/4-mediated Microglia Activation.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Microglia in antiviral immunity of the brain and spinal cord.Seminars in immunology · 2022Review
- Review
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Developed to Activate Primate Immune Responses Promotes Antitumoral Effects in Combination with a Neoantigen-Based mRNA Cancer Vaccine.Drug design, development and therapy · 2021Article
- HIV infection suppresses TLR3 activation-mediated antiviral immunity in microglia and macrophages.Immunology · 2020Article
- Genome-wide integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles to identify differentially expressed miR-22-5p and miR-27b-5p in response to classical swine fever vaccine virus.Functional & integrative genomics · 2019Article
- Phosphorylated Heat Shock Protein 27 Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Thp1 Cells by Promoting TLR4 Endocytosis, Ubiquitination, and Degradation.Inflammation · 2019Article
- Toll-Like Receptor 4 Promotes Th17 Lymphocyte Infiltration Via CCL25/CCR9 in Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2019Article
- Prestimulation of Microglia Through TLR4 Pathway Promotes Interferon Beta Expression in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2019Article
- Soluble TLR2 and 4 concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in HIV/SIV-related neuropathological conditions.Journal of neurovirology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In the CNS, microglia are the primary targets of HIV infection. In this study, we investigated the effect of activation of the innate antiviral receptors TLR3 and TLR4 on HIV infection of primary human microglia, as well as microglial cell signaling and gene expression. Ligands for both TLR3 and TLR4 potently inhibited HIV replication in microglia through a pathway requiring IRF3. Surprisingly, a remarkably similar pattern of cell signaling and gene expression was observed in TLR3- and TLR4-activated microglia, suggesting a relatively minor role for MyD88 following TLR4 activation in these cells. HIV did not activate IRF3 but rather decreased IRF3 protein, indicating that HIV does not activate TLR3 or RIG-like helicases in microglia. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of TLR3 or TLR4 will elicit antiviral immunity, in addition to inducing proinflammatory responses. We suggest that a balanced expression between inflammatory and innate immune genes might be achieved by IRF3 over-expression.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.