ArticleCancer research2009
Intravesical immunotherapy of superficial bladder cancer with chitosan/interleukin-12.
Article in Cancer research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Harnessing chitosan-based biomaterials for advanced cancer immunotherapy: from nanocarriers to tumor microenvironment modulation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Nanomaterials-driven in situ vaccination: a novel frontier in tumor immunotherapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Cytokine Therapy in Bladder Cancer: Mechanisms, Efficacy, and Future Prospects.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- STING Agonist VB-85247 Induces Durable Antitumor Immune Responses by Intravesical Administration in a Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.Cancer research · 2025Article
- IL-12 minicircle delivery via extracellular vesicles as immunotherapy for bladder cancer.Cell proliferation · 2025Article
- Circulating levels of cytokines and risk of urologic cancers: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Nano-Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapies for improved bladder cancer treatment.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2024Review
- Recent Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Antibacterial, Anticancer, Wound Healing, and Tissue Engineering Fields.Polymers · 2024Review
- Establishment of Mouse Orthotopic Urinary Bladder Tumor Model and Its Analysis by Light and Electron Microscopy.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Article
- The past, present, and future of immunotherapy for bladder tumors.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2022Review
- Intravesical Pseudomonas aeruginosa mannose-sensitive Hemagglutinin vaccine triggers a tumor-preventing immune environment in an orthotopic mouse bladder cancer model.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2022Article
- Targeting Cytokine Signals to Enhance γδT Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- γδ T Cells Support Antigen-Specific αβ T cell-Mediated Antitumor Responses during BCG Treatment for Bladder Cancer.Cancer immunology research · 2021Article
- Immune escape mechanisms and immunotherapy of urothelial bladder cancer.Journal of clinical and translational research · 2021Review
- How Cancer Cells Invade Bladder Epithelium and Form Tumors: The Mouse Bladder Tumor Model as a Model of Tumor Recurrence in Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Administration of fusion cytokines induces tumor regression and systemic antitumor immunity.MedComm · 2021Article
- Bladder cancer cell-intrinsic PD-L1 signals promote mTOR and autophagy activation that can be inhibited to improve cytotoxic chemotherapy.Cancer medicine · 2021Article
- Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Intravesical Chitosan/Interleukin-12 Immunotherapy in Murine Bladders.Bladder cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
- NHS-IL12, a Tumor-Targeting Immunocytokine.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intravesical BCG has been used successfully to treat superficial bladder cancer for three decades. However, 20% to 30% of patients will fail initial BCG therapy and 30% to 50% of patients will develop recurrent tumors within 5 years. Alternative or complementary strategies for the management of superficial bladder cancer are needed. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent T(H)1 cytokine with robust antitumor activity and the ability to potentiate immunologic memory. Unfortunately, intravesical IL-12 did not show antitumor efficacy in a recent clinical study of patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer. We hypothesized that coformulation of IL-12 with chitosan, a biocompatible, mucoadhesive polysaccharide, could improve intravesical IL-12 delivery and provide an effective and durable alternative for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer. In antitumor studies, 88% to 100% of mice bearing orthotopic bladder tumors were cured after four intravesical treatments with chitosan/IL-12. In contrast, only 38% to 60% of mice treated with IL-12 alone and 0% treated with BCG were cured. Antitumor responses following chitosan/IL-12 treatments were durable and provided complete protection from intravesical tumor rechallenge. Urinary cytokine analysis showed that chitosan/IL-12 induced multiple T(H)1 cytokines at levels significantly higher than either IL-12 alone or BCG. Immunohistochemistry revealed moderate to intense tumor infiltration by T cells and macrophages following chitosan/IL-12 treatments. Bladder submucosa from cured mice contained residual populations of immune cells that returned to baseline levels after several months. Intravesical chitosan/IL-12 is a well-tolerated, effective immunotherapy that deserves further consideration for testing in humans for the management of superficial bladder cancer.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.