ArticleFASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology2009
High intakes of choline and betaine reduce breast cancer mortality in a population-based study.
Article in FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Choline and betaine consumption lowers cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies.Scientific reports · 2016Pooled it
- Exogenous Glycine Betaine Decreases Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma HT-29 Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Choline-An Essential Nutrient with Health Benefits and a Signaling Molecule.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Therapeutic potential of betaine and its derivatives in cancer treatment: a comprehensive review.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Article
- The Effect of Bioactive Aliment Compounds and Micronutrients on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Gamma-ray Irradiation of Rodent Diets Alters the Urinary Metabolome in Rats with Chemically Induced Mammary Cancer.Metabolites · 2022Article
- Choline intake and its dietary reference values in Korea and other countries: a review.Nutrition research and practice · 2022Review
- Uncovering the Key Targets and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Qizhen Capsule in Gastric Cancer through Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatic Analyses.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Role of betaine in inhibiting the induction of RNA Pol III gene transcription and cell growth caused by alcohol.Chemico-biological interactions · 2020Article
- Associations of choline-related nutrients with cardiometabolic and all-cause mortality: results from 3 prospective cohort studies of blacks, whites, and Chinese.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Article
- Serum choline is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma survival: a prospective cohort study.Nutrition & metabolism · 2020Article
- Anticataractogenic effect of betaine in chick embryo hydrocortisone-induced cataract model.The Indian journal of medical research · 2019Article
- A New Look for the Red MacroalgaMarine drugs · 2019Article
- Betaine suppresses cell proliferation by increasing oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis and inflammation in DU-145 human prostate cancer cell line.Cell stress & chaperones · 2019Article
- Role of Bile Acids in Dysbiosis and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.Mediators of inflammation · 2019Review
- Review
- Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Transcriptional regulation of metabolism in disease: From transcription factors to epigenetics.PeerJ · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Choline and betaine provide methyl groups for one-carbon metabolism. Humans obtain these nutrients from a wide range of foods. Betaine can also be synthesized endogenously from its precursor, choline. Although animal studies have implied a causal relationship between choline deficiency and carcinogenesis, the role of these two nutrients in human carcinogenesis and tumor progression is not well understood. We investigated the associations of dietary intakes of choline and betaine and breast cancer risk and mortality in the population-based Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Among the 1508 case-group women, 308 (20.2%) deaths occurred, among whom 164 (53.2%) died of breast cancer by December 31, 2005. There was an indication that a higher intake of free choline was associated with reduced risk of breast cancer (P(trend)=0.04). Higher intakes of betaine, phosphocholine, and free choline were associated with reduced all-cause as well as breast cancer-specific mortality in a dose-dependent fashion. We also explored associations of polymorphisms of three key choline- and betaine-metabolizing genes and breast cancer mortality. The betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase gene (BHMT) rs3733890 polymorphism was associated with reduced breast cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.97). Our study supports the important roles of choline and betaine in breast carcinogenesis. It suggests that high intake of these nutrients may be a promising strategy to prevent the development of breast cancer and to reduce its mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.