ArticleJournal of bacteriology2009
Mutagenesis and functional characterization of the RNA and protein components of the toxIN abortive infection and toxin-antitoxin locus of Erwinia.
Article in Journal of bacteriology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Overview of Type II and III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with a Focus on Druggability.Toxins · 2018Pooled it
- Bacterial immune systems.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- DNA modifications of Durham Collection phages and promiscuity of GmrSD-family Type IV restriction enzyme BrxU.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Bacterial defense systems: Mechanisms, homology to eukaryotic immune systems, and applications.Zoological research · 2026Review
- Revisiting lactococcal abortive infection-like antiphage systems: diversity, structures, and mechanisms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Modified DNA substrate selectivity by GmrSD-family Type IV restriction enzyme BrxU.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Deciphering the RNA-based regulation mechanism of the phage-encoded AbiF system in Clostridioides difficile.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Structure and rational engineering of the PglX methyltransferase and specificity factor for BREX phage defence.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Phage Mediated Biocontrol: A Promising Green Solution for Sustainable Agriculture.Indian journal of microbiology · 2024Review
- Toxin release by conditional remodelling of ParDE1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to gyrase inhibition.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- A phage-encoded RNA-binding protein inhibits the antiviral activity of a toxin-antitoxin system.Nucleic acids research · 2024Article
- Diverse Durham collection phages demonstrate complex BREX defense responses.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2023Article
- The Safety of Bacteriophages in Treatment of Diseases Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A widespread family of WYL-domain transcriptional regulators co-localizes with diverse phage defence systems and islands.Nucleic acids research · 2022Article
- Crystal structure of the BREX phage defence protein BrxA.Current research in structural biology · 2022Article
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence.Current research in microbial sciences · 2021Review
- Review
- Type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems: Evolution and Revolutions.Journal of bacteriology · 2020Review
- Toxins targeting transfer RNAs: Translation inhibition by bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. RNA · 2019Review
- Atomistic Analysis of ToxN and ToxI Complex Unbinding Mechanism.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteria are constantly challenged by bacteriophage (phage) infection and have developed multiple adaptive resistance mechanisms. These mechanisms include the abortive infection systems, which promote "altruistic suicide" of an infected cell, protecting the clonal population. A cryptic plasmid of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica, pECA1039, has been shown to encode an abortive infection system. This highly effective system is active across multiple genera of gram-negative bacteria and against a spectrum of phages. Designated ToxIN, this two-component abortive infection system acts as a toxin-antitoxin module. ToxIN is the first member of a new type III class of protein-RNA toxin-antitoxin modules, of which there are multiple homologues cross-genera. We characterized in more detail the abortive infection phenotype of ToxIN using a suite of Erwinia phages and performed mutagenesis of the ToxI and ToxN components. We determined the minimal ToxI RNA sequence in the native operon that is both necessary and sufficient for abortive infection and to counteract the toxicity of ToxN. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis of ToxN revealed key conserved amino acids in this defining member of the new group of toxic proteins. The mechanism of phage activation of the ToxIN system was investigated and was shown to have no effect on the levels of the ToxN protein. Finally, evidence of negative autoregulation of the toxIN operon, a common feature of toxin-antitoxin systems, is presented. This work on the components of the ToxIN system suggests that there is very tight toxin regulation prior to suicide activation by incoming phage.
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