ArticleJournal of anatomy2009
Mechanical constraints on the functional morphology of the gibbon hind limb.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Scratching beneath the surface: Quantification of muscle architecture and myosin heavy chain content in the forelimbs of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys, Rodentia).Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Functional Differences in Muscle Architecture Across the Pelvis and Hind Limb of Primates.American journal of biological anthropology · 2026Article
- Myology of the pelvic limb of the brown-throated three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus).Journal of anatomy · 2022Article
- The forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (fam.Hylobatidae). Part II. Quantitative analysis.Journal of anatomy · 2021Article
- Evolutionary anatomy of the plantar aponeurosis in primates, including humans.Journal of anatomy · 2020Article
- The digital human forearm and hand.Journal of anatomy · 2018Article
- The gibbon's Achilles tendon revisited: consequences for the evolution of the great apes?Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2018Article
- In vivo baseline measurements of hip joint range of motion in suspensory and nonsuspensory anthropoids.American journal of physical anthropology · 2014Article
- Interspecific scaling patterns of talar articular surfaces within primates and their closest living relatives.Journal of anatomy · 2014Article
- Fibre type composition in the lumbar perivertebral muscles of primates: implications for the evolution of orthogrady in hominoids.Journal of anatomy · 2014Article
- Three-dimensional moment arms and architecture of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) leg musculature.Journal of anatomy · 2013Article
- The extraordinary athletic performance of leaping gibbons.Biology letters · 2012Article
- Functional adaptations in the forelimb muscles of non-human great apes.Journal of anatomy · 2012Article
- Relationship between humeral geometry and shoulder muscle power among suspensory, knuckle-walking, and digitigrade/palmigrade quadrupedal primates.Journal of anatomy · 2012Article
- Hindlimb muscle architecture in non-human great apes and a comparison of methods for analysing inter-species variation.Journal of anatomy · 2011Article
- Distribution patterns of fibre types in the triceps surae muscle group of chimpanzees and orangutans.Journal of anatomy · 2011Article
- Arboreality, terrestriality and bipedalism.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2010Review
- Muscle moment arms of the gibbon hind limb: implications for hylobatid locomotion.Journal of anatomy · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gibbons utilize a number of locomotor modes in the wild, including bipedalism, leaping and, most of all, brachiation. Each locomotor mode puts specific constraints on the morphology of the animal; in some cases these may be complementary, whereas in others they may conflict. Despite several studies of the locomotor biomechanics of gibbons, very little is known about the musculoskeletal architecture of the limbs. In this study, we present quantitative anatomical data of the hind limb for four species of gibbon (Hylobates lar, H. moloch, H. pileatus and Symphalangus syndactylus). Muscle mass and fascicle lengths were obtained from all of the major hind limb muscles and the physiological cross-sectional area was calculated and scaled to remove the effect of body size. The results clearly indicate that, for all of the species studied, the major hip, knee and ankle extensors are short-fascicled and pennate. The major hip and knee flexors, however, are long-fascicled, parallel muscles with relatively small physiological cross-sectional areas. We hypothesize that the short-fascicled muscles could be coupled with a power-amplifying mechanism and are predominantly useful in leaping. The long-fascicled knee and hip flexors are adapted for a wide range of joint postures and can play a role in flexing the legs during brachiation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.