ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2009
Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03032354 (Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Lactis BB 12 on Beta-cell Function in Children With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes - a Randomized Controlled Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 1,122 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium Lactis BB 12 on Beta-cell Function in Children With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes - a Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
1,122 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,952 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Alcohol Consumption and Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Primates: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- The role of microbiota derived metabolites in modulating diabetic inflammation: a systematic review.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The role of natural products in the intestinal barrier: a bibliometric analysis from 2004 to 2025.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Exclusion diet vs. exclusion diet plus partial enteral nutrition in management of pediatric Crohn's disease.BMC pediatrics · 2026Trial
- A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Evaluating Multi-Species Synbiotic Supplementation for Bloating, Gas, and Abdominal Discomfort.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Immunonutritional effects elicited by a novel multicomponent food supplement in children with cow's milk allergy: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Trial
- Acute effects of butyrate on intestinal permeability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome assessed by a novel colonoscopy research model.Gut microbes · 2025Trial
- Effects of a Four-Strain Probiotic on Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2025Trial
- Functionally declining microbiota in chronic disease: beyond taxonomic loss.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiome in type 2 diabetes: insights from metagenomics, multi-omics, and diet-microbe interactions.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiome and pregnancy complications: emerging evidence and mechanistic insights.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Bridging the gap:Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Branched-chain amino acids and gut microbiota: coregulation and impact on neurological function via the gut-brain axis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- Exercise intensity as a modulator of gut microbiota and host metabolic health in obesity.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Underlying MASLD-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation are key to poor outcomes in vibriosis infections in a preclinical model.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Subverting colonization resistance:Virulence · 2026Review
1,062 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Butyrate, one of the SCFA, promotes the development of the intestinal barrier. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the butyrate regulation of the intestinal barrier are unknown. To test the hypothesis that the effect of butyrate on the intestinal barrier is mediated by the regulation of the assembly of tight junctions involving the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), we determined the effect of butyrate on the intestinal barrier by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and inulin permeability in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. We further used a calcium switch assay to study the assembly of epithelial tight junctions and determined the effect of butyrate on the assembly of epithelial tight junctions and AMPK activity. We demonstrated that the butyrate treatment increased AMPK activity and accelerated the assembly of tight junctions as shown by the reorganization of tight junction proteins, as well as the development of TER. AMPK activity was also upregulated by butyrate during calcium switch-induced tight junction assembly. Compound C, a specific AMPK inhibitor, inhibited the butyrate-induced activation of AMPK. The facilitating effect of butyrate on the increases in TER in standard culture media, as well as after calcium switch, was abolished by compound C. We conclude that butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by regulating the assembly of tight junctions. This dynamic process is mediated by the activation of AMPK. These results suggest an intriguing link between SCFA and the intracellular energy sensor for the development of the intestinal barrier.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.