ArticleJournal of clinical microbiology2009
New real-time PCR detects prolonged norovirus excretion in highly immunosuppressed patients and children.
Article in Journal of clinical microbiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteric virus shedding in human excretions.EBioMedicine · 2025Pooled it
- A Wastewater-based Modeling Framework for Inferring Norovirus Transmission Dynamics.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Estimating wastewater concentrations of norovirus and rotavirus from global data on community-level infection prevalence and viral shedding.Journal of water and health · 2026Article
- Proteomics as a complementary approach to measure norovirus infection in clinical samples.Virology · 2025Review
- A Decade of Chronic Norovirus Infection Surveillance at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Center: Clinical Characteristics, Molecular Epidemiology, and Replication.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development.NPJ vaccines · 2024Review
- Age-associated features of norovirus infection analysed in mice.Nature microbiology · 2023Article
- Phenol Derivatives Obtained from Grape Seed Extract Show Virucidal Activity against Murine Norovirus.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Unusual Complications of Norovirus Infection in Taiwan: What We Know after Rotavirus Vaccines.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Virucidal and Immunostimulating Activities of Monogalactosyl Diacylglyceride fromMarine drugs · 2022Article
- Akt Plays Differential Roles during the Life Cycles of Acute and Persistent Murine Norovirus Strains in Macrophages.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Norovirus in Cancer Patients: A Review.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Review
- Genetic Sequence Variants inChildren (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Prospective, Real-time Metagenomic Sequencing During Norovirus Outbreak Reveals Discrete Transmission Clusters.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Recurrent and Sustained Viral Infections in Primary Immunodeficiencies.Frontiers in immunology · 2017Review
- Norovirus in Transplantation.Current infectious disease reports · 2016Review
- An Improved One-Step Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of Norovirus.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2016Article
- Control of norovirus outbreak on a pediatric oncology unit.American journal of infection control · 2015Article
- The role of chronic norovirus infection in the enteropathy associated with common variable immunodeficiency.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2015Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are a major cause of epidemic nonbacterial gastroenteritis and affect all age groups worldwide. Three of five NoV genogroups, namely, genogroup I (GI), GII, and GIV, are associated with human disease. Unfortunately, these genogroups demonstrate a high degree of sequence diversity, complicating the design of pan-NoV diagnostic PCR tests. To decrease the risk of false-negative test results, we have developed a new one-step real-time TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR protocol. This protocol detects all human NoV genogroups in one reaction with a sensitivity of 400 virus genome equivalents/reaction for both GI and GII. The use of in vitro-transcribed NoV RNA as an external standard allows (semi)quantification of viral loads in samples. In a retrospective analysis of 206 stool samples from 77 patient episodes, the duration of NoV excretion and the amount of virus excreted were determined. Twenty (26.0%) of these episodes lasted longer than 10 days. Univariate risk factor analysis revealed the patient status after organ transplantation (odds ratio [OR], 7.49 [95% confidence interval, 2.06 to 28.32]; P < 0.001), immunosuppression (OR, 9.19 [95% confidence interval, 2.50 to 35.39]; P < 0.001), and age of less than 10 years (OR, 4.58 [95% confidence interval, 1.36 to 15.77]; P = 0.004) as risk factors for a NoV excretion period of more than 10 days. These findings were confirmed by time-dependent Kaplan-Meier analyses, whereas multivariate Cox regression analyses identified immunosuppression as the sole risk factor. Surprisingly, in contrast to the excretion periods, the viral loads in stools did not increase in connection with age or immunosuppressive status. This fact may be one important piece in the pattern of high-level NoV transmissibility and may have an impact on the development of transmission prevention strategies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.