ArticleCytokine2009
Cytokine expression during chronic versus occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV co-infected individuals.
Article in Cytokine, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular insights into the mechanisms of occult hepatitis B virus infection.Archives of virology · 2026Review
- Occult hepatitis B - the result of the host immune response interaction with different genomic expressions of the virus.World journal of clinical cases · 2022Review
- Cytokine profile during occult hepatitis B virus infection in chronic hepatitis C patients.Virology journal · 2021Article
- HBV and HIV/HBV Infected Patients Have Distinct Immune Exhaustion and Apoptotic Serum Biomarker Profiles.Pathogens & immunity · 2019Article
- Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection: An Old Entity With Novel Clinical Involvements.Open forum infectious diseases · 2018Article
- Update on occult hepatitis B virus infection.World journal of gastroenterology · 2016Review
- Occult HBV infection in HCC and cirrhotic tissue of HBsAg-negative patients: a virological and clinical study.Oncotarget · 2016Article
- Functional analysis of 'a' determinant mutations associated with occult HBV in HIV-positive South Africans.The Journal of general virology · 2016Article
- Role of occult hepatitis B virus infection in chronic hepatitis C.World journal of gastroenterology · 2015Review
- Mutations associated with occult hepatitis B in HIV-positive South Africans.Journal of medical virology · 2015Article
- Occult hepatitis B virus infection.World journal of hepatology · 2014Review
- Occult hepatitis B demonstrated by anti-HBc and HBV DNA in HIV-positive patients.Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology · 2014Article
- HBV whole-genome mutation profile in HIV-1/HBV coinfected patients in a long-term follow-up study.Infection · 2014Article
- Occult HBV infection.Seminars in immunopathology · 2013Review
- Molecular mechanisms underlying occult hepatitis B virus infection.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2012Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is characterized by persistent detectable levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA in the serum. In contrast, HBsAg is not detectable during occult HBV infection, despite the presence of HBV DNA. An altered host immune response could play a role in the development of occult HBV infection; however, potential differences in immune responses among chronic and occult HBV-infected patients have not been evaluated in vivo. In the current study, we evaluated serum levels of regulatory, apoptotic, and fibrotic/anti-fibrotic cytokines/markers as indicators of immune responses in 25 chronic and 12 occult HBV-infected patients. More than half of the patients in both chronic and occult HBV infection groups had IL-2, IL-4, IL-13, and IFN-gamma levels below detectable limits. In contrast, most patients had detectable levels of IL-8, IL-10, IP-10, sFas, sFasL, and TGF-beta1. Of these, only sFas was significantly different between the two groups, with lower levels observed during occult compared to chronic HBV infection (p=0.01). As a surrogate marker of apoptotic inhibition, decreased sFas during occult HBV infection suggests that apoptosis occurs at different rates in occult compared to chronic HBV infection and therefore, may contribute to persistence of occult HBV infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.