Trial reportVaccine2009
Delaying BCG vaccination from birth to 10 weeks of age may result in an enhanced memory CD4 T cell response.
Trial report in Vaccine, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed.
- Safety and Immunogenicity of Newborn MVA85A Vaccination and Selective, Delayed Bacille Calmette-Guerin for Infants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Mothers: A Phase 2 Randomized, Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- Functional, Antigen-Specific Stem Cell Memory (TFrontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
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- Immunogenicity of BCG in HIV-exposed and non-exposed infants following routine birth or delayed vaccination.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2015Trial
- Delaying BCG vaccination until 8 weeks of age results in robust BCG-specific T-cell responses in HIV-exposed infants.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2015Trial
- Intracellular Cytokine Staining and Flow Cytometry: Considerations for Application in Clinical Trials of Novel Tuberculosis Vaccines.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Maturation of innate responses to mycobacteria over the first nine months of life.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014Trial
- Distinct T-cell responses when BCG vaccination is delayed from birth to 6 weeks of age in Ugandan infants.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2014Trial
- Heterologous vaccination against human tuberculosis modulates antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell function.European journal of immunology · 2013Trial
- Modified vaccinia Ankara-expressing Ag85A, a novel tuberculosis vaccine, is safe in adolescents and children, and induces polyfunctional CD4+ T cells.European journal of immunology · 2010Trial
- Rethinking Neonatal Vaccination Policies: A Neuroimmune Perspective.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- Acute Plasmodium yoelii 17XNL Infection During BCG Vaccination Limits T Cell Responses and Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition.Immunology · 2025Article
- The Ability of Neonatal Mice to Develop Immunity toJournal of cellular immunology · 2025Article
- The effects of postponing BCG vaccination on the risk of BCG-related complications among patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease in Saudi Arabia.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- BCG vaccination: historical role, modern applications, and future perspectives in tuberculosis and beyond.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Analysis of a fractional order epidemiological model for tuberculosis transmission with vaccination and reinfection.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Immune cell population dynamics following neonatal BCG vaccination and aerosol BCG revaccination in rhesus macaques.Scientific reports · 2024Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn most tuberculosis (TB) endemic countries, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is usually given around birth to prevent severe TB in infants. The neonatal immune system is immature. Our hypothesis was that delaying BCG vaccination from birth to 10 weeks of age would enhance the vaccine-induced immune response.
methodsIn a randomized clinical trial, BCG was administered intradermally either at birth (n=25) or at 10 weeks of age (n=21). Ten weeks after vaccination, and at 1 year of age, vaccine-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were measured with a whole blood intracellular cytokine assay.
resultsInfants who received delayed BCG vaccination demonstrated higher frequencies of BCG-specific CD4 T cells, particularly polyfunctional T cells co-expressing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-2, and most strikingly at 1 year of age.
conclusionsDelaying BCG vaccination from birth to 10 weeks of age enhances the quantitative and qualitative BCG-specific T cell response, when measured at 1 year of age.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.