ArticleBMC microbiology2009
Enterococci in river Ganga surface waters: propensity of species distribution, dissemination of antimicrobial-resistance and virulence-markers among species along landscape.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, and Emerging Carbapenemase-ProducingAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Comparative bacteriome and antibiotic resistome analysis of water and sediment of the Ganga River of India.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2023Article
- The Persistence of Bacterial Pathogens in Surface Water and Its Impact on Global Food Safety.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Assessment of the effects of seasonal changes, urban discharges and leachates on the parasitological and bacteriological qualities of soil and water from Oued Larbaâ (North-eastern, Morocco).Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2021Article
- The Prevalence of Virulent and Multidrug-Resistant Enterococci in River Water and in Treated and Untreated Municipal and Hospital Wastewater.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- FRNA Bacteriophages as Viral Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Mexican Tropical Aquatic Systems.PloS one · 2017Article
- Antibiotic resistance, efflux pump genes and virulence determinants in Enterococcus spp. from surface water systems.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2016Article
- Multiplex PCR based genotypic characterization of pathogenic vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis recovered from an Indian river along a city landscape.SpringerPlus · 2016Article
- Prevalence of Virulence Factors and Drug Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Enterococci: A Study from North India.Journal of pathogens · 2015Article
- Studies on the bacteriological qualities of the Buffalo River and three source water dams along its course in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2013Article
- Occurrence, genetic diversity, and persistence of enterococci in a Lake Superior watershed.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2013Article
- Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from environmental samples in an area of intensive poultry production.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2013Article
- Aquaculture can promote the presence and spread of antibiotic-resistant Enterococci in marine sediments.PloS one · 2013Article
- Potential human pathogenic bacteria in a mixed urban watershed as revealed by pyrosequencing.PloS one · 2013Article
- Origin and evolution of antibiotic resistance: the common mechanisms of emergence and spread in water bodies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2012Article
- Article
- Megacities as sources for pathogenic bacteria in rivers and their fate downstream.International journal of microbiology · 2011Article
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4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSurface waters quality has declined in developing countries due to rapid industrialization and population growth. The microbiological quality of river Ganga, a life-sustaining surface water resource for large population of northern India, is adversely affected by several point and non-point sources of pollution. Further, untreated surface waters are consumed for drinking and various household tasks in India making the public vulnerable to water-borne diseases and outbreaks. Enterococci, the 'indicator' of water quality, correlates best with the incidence of gastrointestinal diseases as well as prevalence of other pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, this study aims to determine the distribution of species diversity, dissemination of antimicrobial-resistance and virulence-markers in enterococci with respect to rural-urban landscape along river Ganga in northern India.
resultsEnterococci density (chi2: 1900, df: 1; p < 0.0001) increased from up-to-down gradient sites in the landscape. Species diversity exhibit significant (chi2: 100.4, df: 20; p < 0.0001) and progressive distribution of E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans and E. hirae down the gradient. Statistically discernible (p: 0.0156 - < 0.0001) background pool of resistance and virulence was observed among different Enterococcus spp. recovered from five sites in the up-to-down gradient landscape. A significant correlation was observed in the distribution of multiple-antimicrobial-resistance (viz., erythromycin-rifampicin-gentamicin-methicillin and vancomycin-gentamicin-streptomycin; rs: 0.9747; p: 0.0083) and multiple-virulence-markers (viz., gelE+esp+; rs: 0.9747; p: 0.0083; gelE+efaA+; rs: 0.8944; p: 0.0417) among different Enterococcus spp.
conclusionOur observations show prevalence of multiple-antimicrobial-resistance as well as multiple-virulence traits among different Enterococcus spp. The observed high background pool of resistance and virulence in enterococci in river waters of populous countries has the potential to disseminate more alarming antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria of same or other lineage in the environment. Therefore, the presence of elevated levels of virulent enterococci with emerging vancomycin resistance in surface waters poses serious health risk in developing countries like India.
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