Trial reportVaccine2009
Contrasting effects of type I interferon as a mucosal adjuvant for influenza vaccine in mice and humans.
Trial report in Vaccine, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis using reverse vaccinology and immunoreactive peptides.Genomics & informatics · 2026Article
- Gut microbiome-mediated bioactive ingredients and health benefits of medicinal and edible fermented products: A comprehensive review.Folia microbiologica · 2026Review
- Preliminary Study on Type I Interferon as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Advances in Infectious Disease Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Protective efficacy of intranasal inactivated pseudorabies vaccine is improved by combination adjuvant in mice.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Review
- Mice with diverse microbial exposure histories as a model for preclinical vaccine testing.Cell host & microbe · 2021Article
- Mucosal delivery of tuberculosis vaccines: a review of current approaches and challenges.Expert review of vaccines · 2019Review
- Type I and Type III Interferons Differ in Their Adjuvant Activities for Influenza Vaccines.Journal of virology · 2019Article
- Innovative Mucosal Vaccine Formulations Against Influenza A Virus Infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Adjuvanted influenza vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Review
- Nasal aluminum (oxy)hydroxide enables adsorbed antigens to induce specific systemic and mucosal immune responses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Article
- IFN-BioMed research international · 2017Article
- Article
- CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Facilitate Delivery of Whole Inactivated H9N2 Influenza Virus via Transepithelial Dendrites of Dendritic Cells in Nasal Mucosa.Journal of virology · 2015Article
- Innate endogenous adjuvants prime to desirable immune responses via mucosal routes.Protein & cell · 2015Review
- Article
- Synergistic induction of interferon α through TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists identifies CD21 as interferon α receptor for the B cell response.PLoS pathogens · 2013Article
- IFN-α as an Adjuvant for Adenovirus-Vectored FMDV Subunit Vaccine through Improving the Generation of T Follicular Helper Cells.PloS one · 2013Article
- Cytokines: the future of intranasal vaccine adjuvants.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
To identify an adjuvant that enhances antibody responses in respiratory secretions to inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IVV), a comparison was made of responses to intranasal vaccinations of mice with IVV containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), type I interferon (IFN) or cholera toxin B (CTB). Antibody in nasal secretions and lung wash fluids from mice was increased after vaccination and lung virus was significantly reduced after challenge to a similar level in each adjuvant group. Interferon was selected for a trial in humans. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine was given intranasally to healthy adult volunteers alone or with 1 million units (Mu) or 10 Mu of alpha interferon. Vaccinations were well tolerated but neither serum hemagglutination-inhibiting nor neutralizing antibody responses among the vaccine groups were significantly different. Similarly, neither neutralizing nor IgA antibody responses in nasal secretions were significantly different. Thus, despite exhibiting a significant adjuvant effect in mice, interferon did not exhibit an adjuvant effect for induction of antibody in respiratory secretions of humans to inactivated influenza virus vaccine given intranasally.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.