ArticleJournal of molecular biology2009
Toxoplasma H2A variants reveal novel insights into nucleosome composition and functions for this histone family.
Article in Journal of molecular biology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Profile of lysine acetylation in Eimeria tenella and its potential implications for anticoccidial research.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Two distinct SWI/SNF complexes direct chromatin-linked transcriptional programs in Toxoplasma.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Key Regulators of Parasite Biology Viewed Through a Post-Translational Modification Repertoire.Proteomics · 2025Review
- Lactylation: From Homeostasis to Pathological Implications and Therapeutic Strategies.MedComm · 2025Review
- NcROP2 deletion reducesFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Iron Stress Affects the Growth and Differentiation ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Proteomics Applications inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Evaluation of topotecan and 10-hydroxycamptothecin on Toxoplasma gondii: Implications on baseline DNA damage and repair efficiency.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Histone variant H2B.Z acetylation is necessary for maintenance of Toxoplasma gondii biological fitness.Biochimica et biophysica acta. Gene regulatory mechanisms · 2023Article
- Histone variant H2B.Z acetylation is necessary for maintenance ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Unravelling the sexual developmental biology ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Previously Unidentified Histone H1-Like Protein Is Involved in Cell Division and Ribosome Biosynthesis in Toxoplasma gondii.mSphere · 2022Article
- Genome-wide localization of histone variants in Toxoplasma gondii implicates variant exchange in stage-specific gene expression.BMC genomics · 2022Article
- Phosphorylation of the Canonical Histone H2A Marks Foci of Damaged DNA in Malaria Parasites.mSphere · 2021Article
- Article
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- A Comparison of Stage Conversion in the Coccidian ApicomplexansFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- Emerging Therapeutic Targets AgainstFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- Evaluation of ATM Kinase Inhibitor KU-55933 as Potential Anti-Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
- Gene Expression Profiling ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite. Toxoplasmosis is incurable because of its ability to differentiate from the rapidly replicating tachyzoite stage into a latent cyst form (bradyzoite stage). Gene regulation pertinent to Toxoplasma differentiation involves histone modification, but very little is known about the histone proteins in this early branching eukaryote. Here, we report the characterization of three H2A histones, variants H2AX and H2AZ, and a canonical H2A1. H2AZ is the minor parasite H2A member. H2A1 and H2AX both have an SQ motif, but only H2AX has a complete SQ(E/D)varphi (where varphi denotes a hydrophobic residue) known to be phosphorylated in response to DNA damage. We show that a novel H2B variant interacts with H2AZ and H2A1 but not with H2AX. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) revealed that H2AZ and H2Bv are enriched at active genes while H2AX is enriched at repressed genes as well as the silent TgIRE repeat element. During DNA damage, we detected an increase in H2AX phosphorylation as well as increases in h2a1 and h2ax transcription. We found that expression of h2ax, but not h2a1 or h2az, increases in bradyzoites generated in vitro. Similar analysis performed on mature bradyzoites generated in vivo, which are arrested in G0, showed that h2az and h2ax are expressed but h2a1 is not, consistent with the idea that h2a1 is the canonical histone orthologue in the parasite. The increase of H2AX, which localizes to silenced areas during bradyzoite differentiation, is consistent with the quiescent nature of this stage of the life cycle. Our results indicate that the early-branching eukaryotic parasite Toxoplasma contains nucleosomes of novel composition, which is likely to impact multiple facets of parasite biology, including the clinically important process of bradyzoite differentiation.
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