ReviewBiochimica et biophysica acta2009
New insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying effects of estrogen on cholesterol gallstone formation.
Review in Biochimica et biophysica acta, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Blood lipid metabolism and the risk of gallstone disease: a multi-center study and meta-analysis.Lipids in health and disease · 2022Pooled it
- Causal effects of gallstone disease on risk of gastrointestinal cancer in Chinese.British journal of cancer · 2021Pooled it
- Anthropometric and hormonal risk factors for male breast cancer: male breast cancer pooling project results.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2014Pooled it
- Age-Related Changes of Plasma Bile Acid Concentrations in Healthy Adults--Results from the Cross-Sectional KarMeN Study.PloS one · 2016Trial
- The relationship between serum uric acid and gallbladder stones in Korean women: a cross-sectional study of 19,329 cases.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Porcelain gallbladder revisited.Journal of ultrasound · 2026Review
- Sex-specific associations of SHBG, testosterone, and obesity with cholecystectomy risk: a population-based cohort study.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Risk stratification for gallstones based on 14 obesity and lipid-related Indices: a longitudinal cohort study of 44,030 Chinese adults.Lipids in health and disease · 2026Article
- Cross-population heterogeneity in the association between estimated sdLDL-C and gallstone disease: a dual-source two-sample cross-sectional study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Association between cardiometabolic index and gallstones: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2017-2020.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Age-specific childhood obesity and adult cholelithiasis: association and shared transcriptomic bases.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Article
- Pediatric cholelithiasis: a comprehensive analysis of clinical characteristics and surgical treatment strategies.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Melatonin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in gallstone disease: A narrative review.World journal of hepatology · 2025Review
- Article
- Predictors of Gallstones in Patients With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD).Cureus · 2025Article
- Factors influencing the cure of pseudolithiasis: a retrospective study of 264 patients.BMC gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Inflammatory burden index (IBI) and body roundness index (BRI) in gallstone risk prediction: insights from NHANES 2017-2020.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of Biliary Acute Pancreatitis-A Seven-Year Experience of a Large Tertiary Center.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- GLP-1 receptor agonists and gallbladder disease risk: insights into molecular mechanisms and clinical implications.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have found that at all ages women are twice as likely as men to form cholesterol gallstones, and this gender difference begins since puberty and continues through the childbearing years, which highlight the importance of female sex hormones. Estrogen is a crucial hormone in human physiology and regulates a multitude of biological processes. The actions of estrogen have traditionally been ascribed to two closely related classical nuclear hormone receptors, estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and ESR2. Recent studies have revealed that the increased risk for cholesterol gallstones in women vs. men is related to differences in how the liver metabolizes cholesterol in response to estrogen. A large number of human and animal studies have proposed that estrogen increases the risk of developing cholesterol gallstones by increasing the hepatic secretion of biliary cholesterol, which, in turn, leads to an increase in cholesterol saturation of bile. Furthermore, it has been identified that hepatic ESR1, but not ESR2, plays a major role in cholesterol gallstone formation in mice in response to high doses of 17beta-estradiol. The mechanisms mediating estrogen's action have become more complicated with the recent identification of a novel estrogen receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), a member of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence for the lithogenic actions of estrogen through ESR1 and discuss the cellular and physiological actions of GPR30 in estrogen-dependent processes and the relationship between GPR30 and classical ESR1 on gallstone formation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.