ArticleInnate immunity2009
TLR4-mediated induction of TLR2 signaling is critical in the pathogenesis and resolution of otitis media.
Article in Innate immunity, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dysregulation of immune response in otitis media.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Podocyte TLR4 deletion alleviates diabetic kidney disease through prohibiting PKCδ/SHP-1-dependent ER stress and relieving podocyte damage and inflammation.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Surfactant proteins and innate immunity of otitis media.Innate immunity · 2022Review
- The ECRG4 cleavage product augurin binds the endotoxin receptor and influences the innate immune response during otitis media.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Immunomodulation as a Protective Strategy in Chronic Otitis Media.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Essential Role of the Innate Immune Adaptor RIP2 in the Response to Otitis Media.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and apoptosis of human middle ear epithelial cells via regulating the miR-301b-3p/TLR4 axis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2021Article
- Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Role of Surfactant Protein D in Experimental Otitis Media.Journal of innate immunity · 2021Article
- Innate Immunity in the Middle Ear Mucosa.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Effects of Amniotic Membrane Extract on the Hyperplastic Response of the Middle Ear Mucosa in a Bacterially-Induced Otitis Media Rat Model: A Preliminary Study.Clinical and experimental otorhinolaryngology · 2020Article
- Extensive qPCR analysis reveals altered gene expression in middle ear mucosa from cholesteatoma patients.PloS one · 2020Article
- NOD1/NOD2-mediated recognition of non-typeableInnate immunity · 2019Article
- A2ML1 and otitis media: novel variants, differential expression, and relevant pathways.Human mutation · 2019Article
- Current Understanding of Host Genetics of Otitis Media.Frontiers in genetics · 2019Review
- An Immunological Perspective to Non-syndromic Sensorineural Hearing Loss.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Review
- Otitis Media and Nasopharyngeal Colonization inInfection and immunity · 2017Article
- Panel 3: Genetics and Precision Medicine of Otitis Media.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2017Review
- Recurrent Acute Otitis Media: What Are the Options for Treatment and Prevention?Current otorhinolaryngology reports · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Otitis media is the most prevalent childhood disease in developed countries. The involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in otitis media pathophysiology has been implicated by studies in cell lines and association studies of TLR gene polymorphisms. However, precise functions of TLRs in the etiology of otitis media in vivo have not been examined. We investigated the inflammatory response to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae using a model of otitis media in wild-type, TLR2(- /-) and TLR4(-/ -) mice by gene microarray, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and histopathology. Toll-like receptor-2(- /-) and TLR4(- /-) mice exhibited a more profound, persistent inflammation with impaired bacterial clearance compared to controls. While wild-type mice induced tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) after non-typeable H. influenzae challenge, TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice lack TNF induction in the early phase of otitis media. Moreover, lack of TLR2 resulted in a late increase in IL-10 expression and prolonged failure to clear bacteria. Toll-like receptor-4(-/- ) mice showed impaired early bacterial clearance and loss of TLR2 induction in early otitis media. Our results demonstrate that both TLR2 and TLR4 signalling are critical to the regulation of infection in non-typeable H. influenzae-induced otitis media. Toll-like receptor-4 signalling appears to induce TLR2 expression, and TLR2 activation is critical for bacterial clearance and timely resolution of otitis media.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.