ArticleHuman molecular genetics2009
Inactive X chromosome-specific reduction in placental DNA methylation.
Article in Human molecular genetics, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epigenetic, environmental, and sex-specific programming of long-term health in Assisted Reproductive Technologies-conceived offspring†.Biology of reproduction · 2026Review
- Sex-linked placental DNA methylation associated with early-onset preeclampsia.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex-influenced DNA methylation differs by placental cell type.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Breaking rules: the complex relationship between DNA methylation and X-chromosome inactivation in the human placenta.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- DNA methylation differences between the female and male X chromosomes in human brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Sex differences in DNA methylation across gestation: a large scale, cross-cohort, multi-tissue analysis.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- The role of DNA methylation in placental development and its implications for preeclampsia.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- Who's afraid of the X? Incorporating the X and Y chromosomes into the analysis of DNA methylation array data.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2023Article
- Gestational diabetes mellitus placentas exhibit epimutations at placental development genes.Epigenetics · 2022Article
- DNA methylation across the tree of life, from micro to macro-organism.Bioengineered · 2022Article
- Risk-focused differences in molecular processes implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection: corollaries in DNA methylation and gene expression.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2021Article
- Genetic and in utero environmental contributions to DNA methylation variation in placenta.Human molecular genetics · 2021Article
- Sex Differences Are Here to Stay: Relevance to Prenatal Care.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- A cross-cohort analysis of autosomal DNA methylation sex differences in the term placenta.Biology of sex differences · 2021Article
- Cell-specific characterization of the placental methylome.BMC genomics · 2021Article
- Review
- Human placental methylome in the interplay of adverse placental health, environmental exposure, and pregnancy outcome.PLoS genetics · 2019Review
- Epigenetic remodeling in preimplantation embryos: cows are not big mice.Animal reproduction · 2018Article
- Association of mitofusin 2 methylation and essential hypertension: a case-control study in a Chinese population.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2018Article
- Genome-wide oxidative bisulfite sequencing identifies sex-specific methylation differences in the human placenta.Epigenetics · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Genome-wide levels of DNA methylation vary between tissues, and compared with other tissues, the placenta has been reported to demonstrate a global decrease in methylation as well as decreased methylation of X-linked promoters. Methylation is one of many features that differentiate the active and inactive X, and it is well established that CpG island promoters on the inactive X are hypermethylated. We now report a detailed analysis of methylation at different regions across the X in male and female placenta and blood. A significant (P < 0.001) placental hypomethylation of LINE1 elements was observed in both males and females. Relative to blood placental promoter hypomethylation was only observed for X-linked, not autosomal promoters, and was significant for females (P < 0.0001) not males (P = 0.9266). In blood, X-linked CpG island promoters were shown to have moderate female methylation (66% across 70 assays) and low (23%) methylation in males. A similar methylation pattern in blood was observed for approximately 20% of non-island promoters as well as 50% of the intergenic or intragenic CpG islands, the latter is likely due to the presence of unannotated promoters. Both intragenic and intergenic regions showed similarly high methylation levels in male and female blood (68 and 66%) while placental methylation of these regions was lower, particularly in females. Thus placental hypomethylation relative to blood is observed globally at repetitive elements as well as across the X. The decrease in X-linked placental methylation is consistently greater in females than males and implicates an inactive X specific loss of methylation in the placenta.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.