ReviewDialogues in clinical neuroscience2009
The effects of cardiovascular risk factors on cognitive compromise.
Review in Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2023Pooled it
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cognitive Impairment: Elective Affinities or Fatal Attraction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Early region-specific impact of adjuvant radiation therapy on cognition and quality of life in adult patients with primary brain tumors.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Article
- Effect of Mind Sound Resonance Technique (MSRT) on Cognitive and Psychophysiological Functions in College Students: A Randomised Controlled Study.Annals of neurosciences · 2025Article
- Utility of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in middle to older aged adults with longstanding type 1 diabetes: The DCCT/EDIC study.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2024Article
- Cognitive Profile and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Associations between trajectories of cardiovascular risk factor change and cognitive impairment in Chinese elderly: A nationwide cohort study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Cardiovascular Comorbidities in Relation to the Functional Status and Vitamin D Levels in Elderly Patients with Dementia.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction and the role of combined brain/heart magnetic resonance imaging (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2022Review
- Lack of association between cognitive impairment and systemic inflammation in asymptomatic carotid stenosis.Journal of vascular surgery · 2022Article
- Alzheimer's Disease Polygenic Risk Score Is Not Associated With Cognitive Decline Among Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- The Relative Importance of Vascular Risk Factors on Early Cognitive Aging Varies Only Slightly Between Men and Women.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Physical fitness mediates the association between age and cognition in healthy adults.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2021Article
- Specific Dimensions of Depression Have Different Associations With Cognitive Decline in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2021Article
- Role of cumulative biological risk in mediating socioeconomic disparities in cognitive function in the elderly: a mediation analysis.BMJ open · 2020Article
- Cerebrovascular risk factors impact frontoparietal network integrity and executive function in healthy ageing.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Psoriasis and Dementia: A Cross-sectional Study of 121,801 Patients.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2020Article
- Cardiovascular risk factors and memory decline in middle-aged and older adults: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.BMC geriatrics · 2019Article
- Dimensions of Religious Involvement Represent Positive Pathways in Cognitive Aging.Research on aging · 2019Article
- Prevention of dementia presents a potentially critical platform for improvement of long-term public health.Dialogues in clinical neuroscience · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
As life expectancy in the United States continues to increase, the projected numbers of elderly people who will develop dementia will grow rapidly. This paper reviews four well-established cardiovascular risk factors (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, and inflammation), for which there is longitudinal epidemiological evidence of increased risk of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline. These risk factors are of special interest because of their potential modifiability, which may affect the course of cognitive compromise. Diabetes is the cardiovascular risk factor (CvRF) most consistently associated with cognition. Hypertension in midlife is consistently associated with cognition, but its associations with late-life hypertension are less clear. Total cholesterol is not consistently associated with cognition. Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein are inflammatory markers relatively consistently associated with cognition. Composites of the CvRFs increase the risk for dementia in a dose-dependent fashion, suggesting a cumulative effect of these factors on neuronal stress. In the relatively few studies that have reported interactions of risk factors, they potentiate each other. The effect of each of these risk factors varies according to apolipoprotein E genotype. It may be that the effect of these risk factors varies according to the presence of the others, and these complex relationships underlie the biological mechanisms of cognitive compromise. This may be crucial for understanding the effects on cognition of drugs and other approaches, such as lifestyle change, for treating these risk factors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
19585955PMC3093131W1519193588What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.