ArticleJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2010
Hydration effects on skin microstructure as probed by high-resolution cryo-scanning electron microscopy and mechanistic implications to enhanced transcutaneous delivery of biomacromolecules.
Article in Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Design and characterisation of a film-forming emulsion combining enhanced skin permeability with prolonged drug delivery.Biomaterials and biosystems · 2026Article
- Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Harnessing the Potential of Macromolecular Assisted Permeation Enhancement and Novel Techniques.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Article
- Nanotechnology-Driven Delivery of Caffeine Using Ultradeformable Liposomes-Coated Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Follicular Delivery and Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Alpha-Tocopherol-Infused Flexible Liposomal Nanocomposite Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive: Enhancing Skin Permeation of Retinaldehyde.Polymers · 2024Article
- Non-Invasive Vaccines: Challenges in Formulation and Vaccine Adjuvants.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Topical Delivery of Atraric Acid Derived fromPharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Preparation of topical bimatoprost with enhanced skin infiltration andDrug delivery · 2022Article
- Hyaluronan-modified transfersomes based hydrogel for enhanced transdermal delivery of indomethacin.Drug delivery · 2022Article
- Cutaneous Permeation of a Percutaneously Applied Glucocorticoid Using Plant-Based Anionic Phospholipids in Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil: A Preliminary Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Orchestrating the Dermal/Epidermal Tissue Ratio during Wound Healing by Controlling the Moisture Content.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- The wash-in effect and its significance for mass casualty decontamination.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2022Review
- Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications.Drug delivery and translational research · 2022Article
- Comparison of transepidermal water loss rates in subjects with skin patch test positive vs negative to skin care products.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2020Article
- Development and application of coarse-grained MARTINI model of skin lipid ceramide [AP].Journal of molecular modeling · 2020Article
- Improvement of a slimming cream's efficacy using a novel fabric as a transdermal drug delivery system: AnExperimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
- Design and biofabrication of dermal regeneration scaffolds: role of oligomeric collagen fibril density and architecture.Regenerative medicine · 2020Article
- Nanoemulsions Enhance in vitro Transpapillary Diffusion of Model Fluorescent Dye Nile Red.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Biofilm biology and vaccine strategies for otitis media due to nontypeableJournal of pediatric infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Influence of digestive enzymes on development of incontinence-associated dermatitis: Inner tissue damage and skin barrier impairment caused by lipidolytic enzymes and proteases in rat macerated skin.International wound journal · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although hydration is long known to improve the permeability of skin, penetration of macromolecules such as proteins is limited and the understanding of enhanced transport is based on empirical observations. This study uses high-resolution cryo-scanning electron microscopy to visualize microstructural changes in the stratum corneum (SC) and enable a mechanistic interpretation of biomacromolecule penetration through highly hydrated porcine skin. Swollen corneocytes, separation of lipid bilayers in the SC intercellular space to form cisternae, and networks of spherical particulates are observed in porcine skin tissue hydrated for a period of 4-10 h. This is explained through compaction of skin lipids when hydrated, a reversal in the conformational transition from unilamellar liposomes in lamellar granules to lamellae between keratinocytes when the SC skin barrier is initially established. Confocal microscopy studies show distinct enhancement in penetration of fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) through skin hydrated for 4-10 h, and limited penetration of FITC-BSA once skin is restored to its natively hydrated structure when exposed to the environment for 2-3 h. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of a 4-10 h hydration period to enhance transcutaneous penetration of large biomacromolecules without permanently damaging the skin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.