ArticlePLoS medicine2009
Polyclonal B cell differentiation and loss of gastrointestinal tract germinal centers in the earliest stages of HIV-1 infection.
Article in PLoS medicine, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 120 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
120 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- Employing Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies as a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylactic & Therapeutic Application.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Rapid HIV Progression Is Associated with Extensive Ongoing Somatic Hypermutation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Trial
- A randomized controlled clinical trial on the impact of CCR5 blockade with maraviroc in early infection on T-cell dynamics.Medicine · 2016Trial
- A multicentre randomized trial of the treatment of patients with pemphigus vulgaris with infliximab and prednisone compared with prednisone alone.The British journal of dermatology · 2015Trial
- Characterization of functional antibody and memory B-cell responses to pH1N1 monovalent vaccine in HIV-infected children and youth.PloS one · 2015Trial
- Persistence and selection of an expanded B-cell clone in the setting of rituximab therapy for Sjögren's syndrome.Arthritis research & therapy · 2014Trial
- Dendritic cell-specific hypoxia-inducible factor-1α deficiency protects mice from recurrent retroviral infection.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Early intervention, lasting impact: benefits of early antiretroviral therapy and implications for posttreatment control.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2026Review
- Article
- The Impact of Gut Microbial Metabolomics on Type 2 Diabetes Development in People Living with HIV.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Mucosal immunity in acute HIV: a review of recent work.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- SIV-specific neutralizing antibody induction following selection of a PI3K drive-attenuatedeLife · 2025Article
- Acute HIV-1 Infection: Paradigm and Singularity.Viruses · 2025Review
- Immune Alterations and Viral Reservoir Atlas in SIV-Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaques.Infectious disease reports · 2025Review
- The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Dynamics of the blood plasma proteome during hyperacute HIV-1 infection.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Effective and targeted latency reversal in CD4Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Gastrointestinal germinal center B cell depletion and reduction in IgAScience immunology · 2024Article
- Viral Factors in Modulation of Host Immune Response: A Route to Novel Antiviral Agents and New Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- HIV-1-Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
60 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe antibody response to HIV-1 does not appear in the plasma until approximately 2-5 weeks after transmission, and neutralizing antibodies to autologous HIV-1 generally do not become detectable until 12 weeks or more after transmission. Moreover, levels of HIV-1-specific antibodies decline on antiretroviral treatment. The mechanisms of this delay in the appearance of anti-HIV-1 antibodies and of their subsequent rapid decline are not known. While the effect of HIV-1 on depletion of gut CD4(+) T cells in acute HIV-1 infection is well described, we studied blood and tissue B cells soon after infection to determine the effect of early HIV-1 on these cells. METHODS AND
findingsIn human participants, we analyzed B cells in blood as early as 17 days after HIV-1 infection, and in terminal ileum inductive and effector microenvironments beginning at 47 days after infection. We found that HIV-1 infection rapidly induced polyclonal activation and terminal differentiation of B cells in blood and in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) B cells. The specificities of antibodies produced by GALT memory B cells in acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) included not only HIV-1-specific antibodies, but also influenza-specific and autoreactive antibodies, indicating very early onset of HIV-1-induced polyclonal B cell activation. Follicular damage or germinal center loss in terminal ileum Peyer's patches was seen with 88% of follicles exhibiting B or T cell apoptosis and follicular lysis.
conclusionsEarly induction of polyclonal B cell differentiation, coupled with follicular damage and germinal center loss soon after HIV-1 infection, may explain both the high rate of decline in HIV-1-induced antibody responses and the delay in plasma antibody responses to HIV-1. Please see later in the article for Editors' Summary.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.